The flesh there-with shee suppled and did steepe,

T'abate all spasme, and soke the swelling bruze;
And after, hauing searcht the intuse deepe,

She with her scarfe did bind the wound fro' cold to keepe. Spenser. Faerie Queene, book iii, can. 5. INTWINE, also written Entwine, q. v. in, and twine. A. S. twin-an; D. tweyn-en, duplicare, to double, to make two or twain.

To make two or twain, to wreath or fold around.

Using such cunning as they did dispose

The ruddy piny with the lighter rose,

The monck's hood with the buglosse, and intwine

The white, the blewe, the flesh-like columbine
With pinckes, sweet-williams; that farre offe the eye
Could not the manner of their mixtures spye.

Browne. Britannia's Pastorals, book ii. song 3.
There grew two olives, closest of the grove,
With roots intwin'd and branches interwove.

Pope. Homer. Odyssey, book v.

The flowering thorn, self-taught to wind,
The hazle's stubborn stem intwin’d.

INVA'DER,

Beattie. The Hares. A Fable.
Fr. invader; It. invadere; Sp. in-

INVA vadir; Lat. invadere, to go in, (in,
INVA'SION, J and vad-ere; Gr. Baô-elv, to go.
To go in or into; sub. as an enemy;

INVA'SIVE.

to assail or assault, to attack.

By cordes let fal fast gan they slide adown:
And streight inuade the town yburied then
With wine and slepe.

Surrey. Virgil. Eneis, book ii.

Such one she was as would inuade
A hart more hard then marble stone.

Wyatt. Vncertaine Auctors. The Louer that once disdaine Loue, &c.
Whan menne goe to warre one agaynst an other, fyrste they couer
themselues on every syde, that they lye not open any way to theyr
enemies ordinaunce. Than they make ready to beate backe the
inuader.
Udall. Ephesians, ch. vi.

The same thyng also is a cause why the Heluetians hauing dayly conflict with the Germanes eyther in their owne defence, or by the way of inuasion, do in prowesse excell the reste of the Galles.

Arthur Goldyng. Cæsar. Commentaries, book i. fol. 2.

A young marchaunt, whiche before tyme had been in diuerse cyties within the countrey of Italy, and there prohibited by the magistrates and rulers, to vse or weare any weapō, either inuasiue or defensiue, chalenged an Italian in Chepeside, for wearyng of a dagger. Hall. Henry VI. The thirty-fourth Yere.

All things from thence doe their first beeing fetch, And borrow matter, whereof they are made; Which, when as forme and feature it does ketch, Becomes a body, and doth then inuade The state of life, out of the griesly shade. Spenser. Faerie Queene, book iii. can. 6. For as judges are avengers of private men against private robbers; so are armies the avengers of the publick against publique invaders, either civil or forraign, and invaders are robbers, though more in countenance than those of the high-way, because of their number.

Davenant. Preface to Gondibert.

In which time the Britains dispatching messengers round about, to how few the Romans were reduced, what hope of praise and booty, and now, if ever, of freeing themselves from the fear of like invasions herafter, by making these an example, if they could but now uncamp their enemies.

Milton. Works, vol. ii. fol. 16. History of England, book ii. That therefore, rightly to understand it, it was rather on their mas ter's part a defensiue warre then an offensiue; as that, that could not be omitted or forborne, if he tendred the conseruation of his owne estate; and that it was not the first blow that made the war invasiue,

And high Garganus, on th' Apulian strand,
Marks to the mariner the distant land,
Prepares, by swift invasion, to remove
Your virgin bride, and disappoint your love.

Wilkie. The Epigoniad, book i.

The weary Spaniards in their works they view,
In dread assault, who bring the generous two
Of Avolo's high blood, with them to dare
The fiercest terrours of invasive war.
Hoole.

INVA'LID, adj. INVALID, N.

INVALIDITY,

INVALIDATE,

INVALIDATION.

Orlando Furioso, book xxxiii. 1. 373. Fr. invalider, invalide; It. invalidare, invalido; Sp. invalidar, invalido; Lat. invalidus, in, privative, and validus, whole or sound.

Unsound, infirm, weak; of no force or efficacy, forceless, inefficient.

The noun is usually applied to persons of an unsound state of body, unhealthy.

The form by which the thing is what it is, is oft so slender and undistinguishable, that it would soon confuse, were it not sustain'd by the efficient and final causes, which concur to make up the form invalid otherwise of itself.

Milton. Works, vol. i. fol. 227. Of Nullities in Marriage. If a son marries without his father's consent, the law says it is void; but yet it is not so void, but that the father's approbation makes it valid without marrying again: which could not be if it were naturally invalid, but therefore it is both naturally and ecclesiastically good. Taylor. Rule of Conscience, book iii. ch. v. fol. 713. invalidity of this objection. But, however, to prevent all cavillings, in this place I'le shew the Glanvil. Preexistence of Souls, ch. iv. p. 39.

You keep so good company, that you know Bath is stocked with such as come hither to be relieved from luxuriant health, or imagi nary sickness, and, consequently, is always as well stow'd with gallants as invalids, who live together in a very good understanding. Tatler, No. 16.

bishop, out of his great learning, did now clearly perceive how inThe king had opened to him the error of his marriage, and the

valid and insufficient it was.

Burnet. History of the Reformation, Anno 1527.

It had been often declared, that the most solemn denials of witnesses, before they make discoveries, did not at all invalidate their evidence; and that it imported no more, but that they had been so long firm to their promise of revealing nothing.

Id.

Own Times. King Charles, Anno 1680. The invalidity of whatsoever we can do in order to this thing [justification] is sufficiently demonstrated in many places of scripture, Job ix. 30, 31. South. Sermons, vol. vi. p. 432.

To defend a post of importance against a powerful enemy, requires an Elliot; a drunken invalid is qualified to hoist a white flag, or to deliver up the keys of the fortress on his knees. Burke. Works, vol. iv. p. 137. Motion relative to the Speech from the Throne. Preface.

Argument is to be invalidated only by argument, and is in itself of the same force, whether or not it convinces him by whom it is proposed. Johnson. The Rambler, No. 14. The thirty-four confirmations [of Magna Charta] would have been only so many repetitions of their absurdity, so many new links in the chain, and so many invalidations of their right.

Burke. Works, vol. x. p. 119. Powers of Juries in Prosecutions for Libels.

INVA'LUED,

INVALUABLE,

We have our English word value, through the Fr. valoir, I value; It. valere, valore; from

INVALUABLENESS, INVALUABLY. the Lat. valere; (see INVALID, ante ;) and the old English invalue, from invalere, in used emphatically. And upon this verb the adj. invaluable may have been formed; or it may be compounded of in, negative, and valuable.

Invalued; much valued, highly prized, esteemed highly, or to be of great worth. And invaluable,

That may or should be much valued, or (in, negative) that cannot be valued, i. e. of too much worth to have a value or price set upon it; inestimable.

To Nottingham, the North's imperious eye, Which as a Pharus guards the goodly soil, And arm'd by nature danger to defy, There to repose him safely after toil, Where treason least advantage might espy, Closely conveys this great invalued spoil. Drayton. The Barons' Wars, book vi. And sailing into France, At tilt, from his proud steed, duke Otton threw'st to ground: And with th' invalued prize of Blanch the beauteous crown'd, (The Almain emperor's heir) high acts didst there atchieve. Id. Poly-olbion, song 13. Which he insculped in two likely stones, For rareness of invaluable price, And cunningly contriv'd them for the nones, In likely rings of excellent device.

Id. Moses His Birth and Miracles, book i

Deny, if thou canst, the invaluablenesse of this heavenly gift. Hall. Works, vol. iii. fol. 669. Satan's fiery Darts quenched, dec. 2.

What issues? Even those bloody issues that were made in the hands, and feet, and side, of our blessed Saviour, that invaluably precious blood of the Sonne of God.

Id. Ib. vol. ii. fol. 301. A Sermon of Thanksgiving.

O let us for ever kiss and hug the precious invaluable scriptures of the New Testament. If there was nothing else in them but the faithful saying, worthy of all men to be received, That Jesus Christ came into the world to save sinners; to save you and me, and all sinners, even the greatest of sinners.

Sharpe. Works, vol. i. p. 285. Sermon 11
Of finest web the stuff with gold inwrought,
No vulgar price th' invalu'd treasure bought.

Hoole. Orlando Furioso, book xvii.

Eusebius, who lived at that time, hath given us a particular, an affecting, and an invaluable account of the martyrs under those dreadful trials.

Jortin. Remarks on Ecclesiastical History, vol. ii. p. 146. INVARIABLE, Fr. invariable; It. invariabile; INVARIABLENESS, Sp. invariable; from the Lat. in, INVARIABLY. privative, and variare, to diversify with spots, (varius,) Gr. Baliòs, to alter, to change. Unalterable, unchangeable, immutable; steady or steadfast, constant.

They understood not the motion of the eighth spear from West to East, and so conceived the longitude of the stars invariable.

Sir Thomas Brown. Vulgar Errours, book i. ch. vi. From the dignity of their intellect [angels] arises the invariable ness of their wills.

Mountague. Devoute Essayes, Treat. 2. part ii. sec. 3. Therfore, this invariability in the birds' operations must proceed from a higher intellect. Digby. On Bodies, ch. xxxvii. p. 411. This reasoning doth necessarily conclude against the past infinite duration of all successive motion and mutable beings; but it doth not at all affect the eternal existence of God, in whose invariable nature there is no past or future. Bentley. Sermon 7. p. 229.

It [time] is conceived by way of substance, or imagined to subsist of itself, independently and invariably, as all abstract ideas are. Law. Enquiry, p. 82. Of Time, ch. ii.

ABLE.

If taste has no fixed principles, if the imagination is not affected INVARIaccording to some invariable and certain laws, our labour is like to be employed to very little purpose.

Burke. Works, vol. i. p. 96. On Taste. Introduction. Very different strokes may compose a uniform plan, and a variety of dispensations be consistent with an invariableness of design. Search. Light of Nature, vol. ii. part iii. p. 63. Nature of Things, ch. xxiv.

No association of human beings, in which, invariably, that should be believed to be virtue which we account vice, and that to be vice which we account virtue, could subsist for a single day, if men were to do what in that case they would think their duty.

Beattie. Moral Science, vol. i. part iii. ch. ii. p. 377.

INVEIGH,

INVE'IGHER,

INVECTIVE, n.

INVECTIVE, adj. INVECTIVELY.

Fr. invectiver, invective; It. invettivo; Sp. invectivar, invectiva; Lat. invehere, invectum, to carry against, an attack upon, (in, and vehere, to carry.)

To attack or assail, sc. with opprobrious language, with adverse censures, with railing, reviling, upbraiding, or reproach; to rail, revile, upbraid, or reproach.

Drances and Turnus vppon auncient hatred inueigh one at the other. Phaer. Eneidos, book xi. The Argument.

He made a decree, that it should be lawful for every man to favour and follow what religion he would; and that he might do the best he could to bring other to his opinion, so that he did it peaceably, gently, quietly, and soberly, without hasty and contentious rebuking and inveighing against other. Sir Thomas More. Utopia, vol. ii. book ii. ch. xi. p. 201. What lost Cicero in the senate for vsyng inuectiues?

Golden Boke, ch. ii. sig. C. iiii.

Yearly my vows, O Heavens, have I not paid,
Of the best fruits and firstlings of my flock?
And oftentimes have bitterly inveigh'd

'Gainst them that you profanely dar'd to mock?
Drayton. Pastorals. Eclogue 9.

All this while Appius raged and tooke on, inveying bitterly against the nicetie and popularitie of his brother consul.

Holland. Livius, fol. 61.

And more to make him publicly despis'd,
Libels, invectives, railing rhymes were sow'd
Among the vulgar, to prepare his fall

With more applause, and good consent of all.

Daniel. History of Civil Wars, book iii.

It seemeth therefore much amisse, that against them whom they terme Sacramentaries, so many inuective discourses are made. Hooker. Ecclesiasticall Politie, book v. sec. 67.

J quoth Jaques,

Sweepe on you fat and greazie citizens,
'Tis just the fashion; wherefore doe you looke
Vpon that poore and broken bankrupt there?
Thus most inuectiuely he pierceth through
The body of countrie, citie, court.

Shakspeare. As You Like It, fol. 190. This was brought to the committee of the states at St. Johnstoun, and was severely inveighed against by Sir Thomas Nicholson, the king's advocate or attorney-general there.

Burnet. Own Times, vol. i. p. 67. Before the Reformation. Where one of those inveighers against mercury gave it in a course of seven weeks, he could not, by all his endeavours, cure one small herpes in the face. Wiseman. Surgery, vol. ii. book viii. ch. ii. P. 304. If we take satire in the general signification of the word, as it is used in all modern languages for an invective, it is certain that it is almost as old as verse.

Dryden. Juvenal. Dedication.

Cassaubon was led into that mistake by Diomedes the grammarian, who in effect says this: Satire, among the Romans, but not among the Greeks, was a biting invective poem, made after the model of the ancient comedy for the reprehension of vices. Id. Ib.

Tertullian, in his Apologetic, inveighs ingeniously enough against the inconsistancy and absurdity of this sentence, and has had the good fortune to engage most of his readers in the same way of thinking;

INVEIGH.

INVEIGH. and yet, after all, the emperor's decree was not quite so absurd as Tertullian imagined.

INVELOPE.

9. v.

Jortin. Remarks on Ecclesiastical History, vol. i. p. 357. Whenever he will be honest enough to lay it aside, avow himself, and produce the face which has so long lurked behind it, the world will be able to judge of his motives for writing such infamous invectives. Junius. Letter 4. p. 21. INVE'IGLE, Sometimes written Enveigle, INVE'IGLER, Serenius derives from the INVE'IGLEMENT.) Ger. weiglen; Sw. upwiglia; a frequentative of the M. Goth. wag-ian; excitare, to excite, to move. Ihre, on the contrary, thinks the Swedish word may be from the English. Junius and Skinner think that inveigle is from the Fr. aveugle, (ab oculo,) blind; aveugler, to blind, hoodwink, deprive of eyes or sight. Thus, inveigle will mean,

To blind the eyes; met. the mind; and, thus, to mislead, to seduce, to delude, to allure, to entice. Equivalent to the vulgar English expression, " To throw dust in the eyes."

His sonne Comanus, succedyng him in the kyngdome, was inuegled againste the Massiliens by one of his lordes alledgyng that the tyme would come, that Marsielles shoulde be the destruccion of the people that were next neighbours about it. Arthur Goldyng. Justine, fol. 178.

But as sone as the emperour' was goue, those harlottes that had bene his copaniōs, inucigled the nobles of Rome, promising the the treasures of the church to depose Leo, and place John againe.

Bale. Pageant of Popes, by Studley. John XIII."
Him [Proteus] if any way

Thou couldst inveagle, he would clear display
Thy course from hence; and how farre off doth lie
Thy voyage's whole scope through Neptune's skie.
Chapman. Homer. Odyssey, book iv. fol. 57.

Perceuing then some persons leaud there were,
Which counsell'd oft my sonnes embracing vice,
As still is seene in court enueiglers are,
Procurers of despite and auarice.

Mirrour for Magistrates, fol. 165.

Young inveigler, fond in wiles,

Prone to mirth, profuse in smiles.

Philips. To Miss Georgiana, Daughter to Lord Carteret. INVEIL, in, and veil, q. v. Fr. voiler, voila; It. and Sp. vela; Lat. velum.

To cover with a veil ; generally, to cover, to conceal.

And, Delia, think thy mourning must have night,
And that thy brightness sets at length to west,
When thou wilt close up that which now thou show'st,
And think the same becomes thy fading best,
Which then shall most inveil, and shadow most.

Daniel. Sonnet 37. To Delia.

When streight a thicke swolne cloud

Inray'd the lustre of great Titan's carre.

Browne. Britannia's Pastorals, book ii. song 1.

INVELOPE, also written Envelope, q. v. Fr. enveloper; Lat. involvere, to roll in or involve.

To roll, or fold in, or involve; to infold, to inwrap, to inclose, to surround, to cover round or over.

God removes the candlestick, or, which is all one, takes away the star, the angel of light from it, that it may be invelop'd in darkness. Taylor. Polemical Discourses, fol. 65. Episcopacy Asserted.

INVENOM, also, and now, perhaps, more commonly, written Envenom, q. v. Fr. envenimer. Venom, from the Lat. venenum, poison. Vossius thinks that as toxicon is (or rather may be) so called from τóžov, a bow, (see INTOXICATE,) so venenum is so called, quasi belenum, from Béλeuvov, a dart. Isidorus, quod venas petat. Vossius remarks that the Italians still write veleno.

To poison; to infuse or impregnate with poison; to invest with the noxious, malignant, hateful qualities of poison.

Then on the morrow they cut out all the dead and inuenimed flesh out of the prince's arme, and threw it from them, and sayd vnto him, How cheereth your grace? We promise you within these fifteene dayes you shall shew your selfe abroad, (if God permit,) vpon your horsebacke, whole and well as euer you were.

Hakluyt. Voyages, &c. vol. ii. fol. 38. Prince Edward.
Take hede, I praie thee, that our loue be not inuenimed with vn-
kyndnes.
Golden Boke. Letter 9, sig. E. e. 8.

The small-ey'd slow-worm, held of many blind,
Yet this great ark it quickly out could find;
And as the ark it was about to climb,

Out of its teeth shoots the invenom'd slime.

To come to, and, thus, to find; to come to the sight or view, to the perception, to the knowledge of, to discover a knowledge of, to discover or disclose; to detect, to devise, to contrive, to feign, form, or frame, fashion or fabricate.

Who wote if al that Chaucer wrate was trew

Nor I wote not if this narracion

Be authorised or forged of the new

Of some poete by his inuencion.

Chaucer. The Testament of Creseide, fol. 195. And they layde their heades togither, till they had inuented an other captious question. Barnes.

Workes, fol 223. The Disputation betweene the Byshoppes and hym.

Zoroastres, kyng of the Bactrians, who is reported to haue fyrst inuented arte, magicke, and diligently to haue serched out the beginning of the world, and the mouinge of the starres.

Arthur Goldyng. Justine, fol. 1. The which thyng our dreamers and inuenters of all subtile lyes dyd neuer preserue, nor neuer sought for. Barnes.

Workes, fol. 257. What the Keyes of the Church bee, &c.

INVERNESSSHIRE.

Surface.

INVERNESS-SHIRE, the largest of the Counties of Scotland, lies between 56° 40′ and 57° 36′ North latitude, and between 3° 50′ and 5° 50′ West longitude. It is bounded on the North by Ross-shire and the Moray Frith; on the East by Nairn, Moray, Banff, and Aberdeenshire; on the South by the Shires of Perth and Argyle; and on the West by the Atlantic Ocean. The line which bounds the County is extremely indented, particularly on the West, by several arms of the sea, which run a long way inland. On the East, a portion of the County is detached and embraced by the Counties of Banff and Moray. The extreme length of the County, including the detached portions, is 94 miles, with a breadth varying from 30 to 50; its area is about 2904 square miles, or 1,858,560 acres, exclusive of 132 square miles which are occupied by water. The Islands of HARRIS, NORTH and SOUTH UIST, BENBECULA, SKY, BARRA, EIGG, and some smaller islets, are attached to this County.

The surface of this County is as irregular as its boundary. High and abrupt mountains, separated by narrow glens, occupy its whole extent. It thus embraces by far the most interesting portion of the Scottish Highlands. The most remarkable feature of Invernessshire is the Great Caledonian Glen, or Glenmore, running in a straight line from South-West to North-East, and dividing the County into two equal parts. In Gaelic it is called Glen mor ne albin, or the Great Glen Glenmore. of the Mountains. The general breadth of the valley of Glenmore is about a mile; in some places it is less than half a mile, and the mountains which confine it are every where high and precipitous. The surfaces of the hills, which face one another along the glen, have in general so exact a correspondence, as to impress the imagination of the traveller with the belief that the whole valley has been formed by some violent convulsion of Nature. The Northern extremity of this glen opens into the Moray Frith by the river Ness; the Southern extremity communicates with the Western Ocean by the great inlet of the sea called Loch Linnhe; between these extreme points are stretched Lochs Ness, Oich, and Lochy. The lateral glens communicating with Glenmore are eight in all; viz. Glen Urquhart, Glen Morriston, Glen Garry, and the Glen of Loch Arkey, on the North-Western side; and Stratherick, Glen Gluay, Glen Spean, and Glen Nevis, from the South-East. The shores of Inverness-shire on the West are broken by seven great inlets of the sea, running in directions parallel to that of the Great Glen: these are Lochs Shiel, Moidart, Aylort, Ananougal, Na Gaul, Neviot, and Hourn. In the North of the County the Glen of Strath Glass, opening into the Frith of Beauly, represents on a smaller scale the physical characteristics of Glenmore.

INVERNESS

Western termination of the Great Glen. This mountain, which rises to the height of 4380 feet, borders on the Western Ocean, and when its summit is free from SHire. clouds, a circumstance of rare occurrence, most of the Hebrides may be clearly descried from it. At the other extremity of the Great Glen, and partly in Banffshire, stands Cairngorm, 4304 feet high. In the same district with Cairngorm is the mountain of Brae Raich, 4224 feet high. These are the highest mountains in Great Britain, and are seldom quite free from snow. Mealfaurvounie, on the North side of Loch Ness, is a very conspicuous and beautiful mountain, above 3000 feet high. These Highlands are generally unproductive, though in some instances good pasturage is found on the summit of mountain ridges, whose sides are covered for miles together with the rich bloom of heath.

The forests of Inverness-shire are, perhaps, the most Forests. extensive in Great Britain. The oak is abundant in copsewoods, though now become scarce as full grown timber. It predominates in the native woods round Loch Ness, mixed with ash, holly, birch, and almost every other tree which is suited to the climate. Birchwoods decorate the banks of the Beauly and of Loch Loggan, and many other parts of the County. On the banks of the Feshie in particular, and round Loch Garry, the natural woods of this beautiful tree cover many thousand acres. The birch tree appears to have established itself in the domains of the ancient oak, particularly in Loch Garry, where the wrecks of oak forests are found scattered in the birch woods. From the enormous quantity of timber found in the bogs and morasses, there is reason to conclude that the whole County was at one time a forest. In some places have been found several tiers of roots growing one above another, and marking so many generations of woods. These vestiges of forests are found at an elevation much exceeding that at which trees can now be brought to grow. The fossil wood is generally supposed to be carbonized externally, and thus to prove that the country was cleared by fire; but notwithstanding the blackened appearance of the trunks, the perfect preservation of all the small twigs, especially of the birch, is a fact sufficient to overturn that hypothesis. In the woods of Inverness-shire, either buried or actually growing, the native fir prevails over every other tree. The extent of the fir forests in the County has never been calculated, and may possibly amount to some hundred square miles. It is believed that the fir woods of Inverness-shire exceed those of all the rest of Britain put together.

The mineralogy of this County is but imperfectly Minera known. Granite seems to predominate towards the East; it is of a beautiful red colour, and porphyritic in its structure. In the drusy cavities of the granitic rocks of Cairngorm mountain are found topazes and rock crystals of all colours, to which the mountain gives its name. Limestone is common in every part of the County, and is quarried in large quantities for economical purposes. Beautiful marbles of different colours, and richly coloured porphyries, are found in Ben Nevis and elsewhere, but have not yet been much attended to.