series of Remarks on French Churches; which were illustrated by many drawings executed by M. Bouet.

April 23. The anniversary meeting was held, as usual, on St. George's Day, when Earl Stanhope, the President, delivered his annual address. It reported that during the past year seventeen fellows are deceased, and three have retired: twenty-three have been elected, and four foreign members. The capital stock of the Society in the Three per Cent. Consols now exceeds 80001. The Court of Chancery has not yet pronounced a decision upon the late Mr. Stevenson's benefaction. The measure of appointing Local Secretaries has been brought into operation, but too recently to have hitherto borne any fruits. The Council for the ensuing year was elected as follows:

Eleven Members from the Old Council -The Earl Stanhope, President, J. Payne Collier, esq. V.P., Rear-Adm. W. H. Smyth, V.P., Viscount Strangford, V.P., Frederic Ouvry, esq. Treasurer, Sir Henry Ellis, K.H. Director, Hon. R. Cornwallis Neville, Auditor, John Henry Parker, esq. Auditor, Wm. Durrant Cooper, esq., Rev. Thomas Hugo, M.A., William Tite, esq. Ten Members of the New Council -Henry Stevens, esq. Auditor, W. S. W. Vaux, esq. Auditor, Rt. Hon. Sir R. H. Inglis, Bart., Samuel Birch, esq., Robert Cole, esq., Nath. Hollingsworth, esq., Henry Reeve, esq., Lord Talbot de Malahide, Wm. M. Wylie, esq., and John Young, esq. John Yonge Akerman, esq. was re-elected Secretary.

The Rev. Dr. Bruce, the historian of the Roman wall, offered some observations on the Roman inscription discovered at Bath (see Gent. Mag. March, p. 288). Having carefully examined a more correct copy obtained by the kindness of Mr. Scarth, to whose researches this interesting discovery is due, Dr. Bruce is disposed to read the inscription thus :"Pro salute Imperatoris Cæsaris Marci Aurelii Antonini Pii felicis invicti Augusti Nævius Augusti libertus adjutor Procuratorum principia ruinâ oppressa a solo restituit." In regard to the Emperor in whose reign the tablet was placed, Dr. Bruce stated that he inclined to Mr. Franks's opinion that it was Heliogabalus. He pointed out the occurrence of the name Nævius in an inscription given by Gruter, with the epithet Adjutor. The person by whom the Bath slab was dedicated was a freedman of Augustus and an assistant or

secretary of the Procurators of the Province. The object of his exertions in the restoration recorded was, according to Dr. Bruce's supposition, that part of the military quarters designated by the term Principia, which occurs in an inscription found at Lanchester, and now preserved at Durham.

The Hon. R. C. Neville read a memoir on the deep shafts or favissa occurring at the Roman station at Chesterford, of similar character to those excavated by Dr. Diamond at Ewell, and to other receptacles discovered at Lincoln, Winchester, and various other places in England occupied by the Romans. At Chesterford these singular pits occur in the chalk or gravel, their diameter varying from 4 to 7 feet, but in some instances it is gradually narrowed towards the bottom. Their greatest depth is 28 feet. They occur within the station as frequently as outside the walls, and in excavations made by Mr. Neville in the grounds of the Rectory, in 1853, just without the line of the vallum, not less than fifteen shafts were found within about half an acre of ground. He described the curious results of his excavations, the objects of glass, Samian and other Roman pottery, metal, coins, &c. which have enriched his Museum at Audley End, and which were found mingled with bones of animals, oyster shells, and other remains. The vases of more common kinds of ware were occasionally perfect, the examples of Samian, of which some very elaborate vessels occurred, were broken, and the portions lay for the most part at various depths in the shaft. In one of these singular shafts Mr. Neville brought to light a large hoard of iron scythes, mechanical implements, tires of wheels, anvils, chains, and other objects, carefully protected by a layer of chalk over the mouth of the pit, and to this precaution probably their perfect state of preservation may be attributed. The intention with which these cavities were formed by the Romans remains in great uncertainty. Mr. Neville stated sufficient grounds for the belief that they were not wells, and the supposition that they were receptacles for corn, such as are termed silos in some countries, appears untenable. There are also grounds for rejecting the notion that they were formed as cloace, and Mr. Neville seems inclined to regard them as connected either with sacrificial or sepulchral rites.

Mr. Wynne gave an account of some remains found in a circle of stones at Cae Cleddau, near Llanaber, and of the remarkable impressions in the form of sword-blades of the leaf-shaped type, on rocks near Barmouth, Merionethshire,

The place where they occur is known as the Field of the Swords, and regarded by popular tradition as the scene of a battle. It had been supposed that these swordlike cavities on the face of the rocks were not artificial, but had been produced by some peculiarity of their geological structure. This, however, Mr. Wynne had ascertained not to be the case; he had submitted casts and specimens of the rock to the authorities at the Museum of Economic Geology, and the conjecture that these impressions are of an organic nature had been wholly rejected.

Mr. Le Keux read some notices of early sculptured crosses, especially those found during the repairs of the church at Bakewell, Derbyshire, of which he produced representations. They comprise some highly enriched examples of early sculpture, which had been used as building material in the piers and in the walls of the porch. The ornament is of the intertwining type, mixed with diapered or foliated designs.

Mr. G. Cowburn gave an account of some ancient plate; he produced a small chalice, found imbedded in the mud, in forming the docks at Newport, Monmouthshire, in 1838, and a richly ornamented salver of the seventeenth century.

Mr. Octavius Morgan read a detailed notice of the ancient German manuscript chronicle of Strasburg, long preserved at Tredegar, in the possession of his family, and which he brought for inspection. It has been described in our last number, p. 402.

Amongst antiquities of the earlier periods exhibited, were several bronze palstaves found near Goudhurst, Kent, by Mr. S. Stringer; and a bronze figure of the Centaur with Achilles on his back, found on the beach near Sidmouth, and sent for exhibition by Mr. Heineken, of that place. This curious object is supposed to have been a Roman standard, and it has been regarded by some-antiquaries as the ensign of the second legion of Carausius. It was engraved in our Magazine for June, 1843, vol. xix. N. S., p. 593).

The Hon. W. Fox Strangways produced a portion of a German work in which a bronze standard is represented, being the figure of a Capricorn. In dimensions and general character it bears considerable resemblance to that found at Sidmouth.

Mr. Neville exhibited several ornaments, rings, &c., lately found in his excavations at Chesterford, and a silver ring found at Kingston Lacy, Dorset.

Mr. Cheney sent a brouze tablet, representing the Saviour, and other sacred subjects, with inscriptions, supposed to be of ancient Armenian workmanship.

Mr. Rohde Hawkins exhibited a chesspiece of the twelfth century, formed of the tusk of the walrus, and supposed to be a king.

Mr. Hutchinson contributed an impression from the incised slab in the church at East Budleigh, Devon, to the memory of Johanna, wife of Walter Raleigh, father of the distinguished statesman of the reign of Elizabeth.

The Hon. W. Fox Strangways exhibited a series of representations of the Castle of Steinsberg, in the duchy of Baden, a structure resembling the Castle of Skenfrith, in Monmouthshire; also drawings of the ancient mansion of Barrington Court, near Yeovil, Somerset, a remarkable example of domestic architecture in the time of Henry VIII.

Mr. Ashurst Majendie brought a drawing, shewing the side of the fine tomb of John, Earl of Oxford, at Castle Hedingham, Essex, of which he had produced a representation at the previous_meeting displaying the figures of the Earl and Countess. The sculptures at the sides represent their children; the whole work is of black marble, and carved with remarkable skill.

Mr. J. G. Nichols produced impressions from signet rings, engraved with the five Jerusalem crosses; one of them, recently obtained at Brighton, bears the wordJerusalem, in Hebrew characters. These rings, as it is supposed, have been brought from the Holy Land in token of pilgrimage.

Mr. Morgan exhibited a massive episcopal ring, and two portable lanterns of very unusual construction, being of earthenware, one of them of Spanish manufacture, with metallic lustre on the surface.

Mr. Irvine brought several coins, and sketches of a sculptured slab, found in Shetland, the standing stone in the Island of Yell, and other antiquities in Shetland; also of the Roman leaden coffin found in the Old Kent Road, London. A large collection of casts from German seals, comprising the Imperial series from Charlemagne, and many fine ecclesiastical and personal seals, was sent by Mr. Ready.

BRITISH ARCHEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION,

Feb. 28. S. R. Solly, esq. F.R.S., F.S.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Pettigrew, V.P., submitted a valuable collection of rings, belonging to Mr. Joseph Warren, of Ixworth. They are of gold, silver, and bronze, belonging to the Roman, Saxon, and mediæval periods, and have been found in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex, but principally in the former two. It is intended to figure

these interesting relics in succeeding numbers of the Archæological Journal.

Mr. F. H. Davis, V.P., exhibited a clothes-brush of the time of Charles I., upon which occasion Mr. H. Syer Cuming, Hon. Sec., read a dissertation upon the antiquity of clothes-brushes, from the Roman times downwards.

Mr. F. J. Baigent exhibited a daguerreotype of a Roman altar, which was found some months since in Jewry Street, Winchester, used in the foundation of a boundary-wall of the old County Jail. It has evidently sustained injury by being cast down, perhaps by some sudden rising of the Britons against the Roman power, as some of the letters are re-engraved upon the injured portions of the surface. Its height is about eighteen inches. The inscription is as follows:

MATRIB

ITALIS GER

MANIS

GAL BRIT

ANTONIVS

CRETIANVS

P. COS. REST.

Mr. Thomas Gunston exhibited a collection of eleven keys of iron, several of which are of an early period, whilst others are as late as the close of the seventeenth century. Five are pipe or tubular, the rest spike keys. Three of them have their bows curiously decorated.

Mr. Planché, Hon. Sec., read a paper entitled "Gatherings for a Glossary," stating that it was the first of a series, to be published, if approved by the council, in the Journal of the Association. It was his intention to preserve the alphabetical order of these communications; and the present comprised the articles Abacot, Aketon, Allecret, Amice, Aumuse, Arbalest, Armillausum, and Axe, respecting which much confusion of ideas, or difference of opinion, existed on various points, either of shape, material, origin, or etymology.

March 14. F. H. Davis, esq. F.S.A., V.P., in the chair.

Mr. C. Beauchamp exhibited a fine example of a vessel known as the Longbeard, Greybeard, and Bellarmin, of the time of Elizabeth. It is of brown stoneware, and capable of containing six quarts. On the front of the short neck is a Silenus-like mask, crowned, and having

a long flowing pointed beard. Beneath this is a large medallion, on which is a shield charged with a pale, and surmounted by a crest. On each side of the body is a medallion, with a helmeted profile bust, of the character of the Emperor Charles V. Round one is the legend, VITELLIVS. GERMANICVS. IMP. P.M.TR. P.A.D.G. K.; and round

the other, IMP. CAES. VESPASIAN. AVG.

P.M.TR.P.P.P. COS. D.OI.K.

Mr. Gibbs exhibited a gilt brass spur, ploughed up, about twenty years back, along with fragments of horse-furniture, bullets, &c., at Worcester, and regarded as a relic of the battle fought there Sept. 3, 1651.

Mr. Gunston exhibited three early padlocks of iron. The smallest is of a globular form; another is wedge-shaped, with the keyhole at the side, resembling that still employed to secure the gate of the rich railing which surrounds the tomb of Henry VII. at Westminster. third example is a flat lock, pointed at the base, and so contrived that the loopbow does not move on a hinge, but is forced up with a stem from beneath when the bolt is thrown back.

The

The same gentleman also exhibited a figure carved in beechwood, 3 inches high, representing a man with clasped hands in the attitude of prayer, in the costume of the reign of William III., or Queen Anne. It might have been made for the figure-head of a model ship.

Mr. J. Sidney Cooper exhibited a Spanish medio peseta, or real de Plata, of Ferdinand and Isabella, struck between 1474 and 1504.

Mr. Pettigrew laid before the meeting an impression received from Mr. C. Bradbury, of Salford, taken from a Sassanian gem. Mr. Edward Thomas, of the Bengal Civil Service, has given in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (vol. xiii. pp. 373-428) some valuable notes introductory to Sassanian mint-monograms and gems. The Pehlvi character inscribed upon them has been found to be the vehicle of expression for the monumental record of the kings of the Persian empire, and it occurs in all the official currency in the numerous mints of the Sassanian empire. The prevalence of the character on the signets and seals of every-day use is remarkable; and Mr. Thomas, from an examination of his collection of inscriptions and coins, is of opinion that the currency of this style of writing was dominant in Persia from A.D. 223 to A.D. 76. The British Museum has recently put forth a collection of gems of this description. Some of these are of bell-like form, in which respect they agree with that of Mr. Bradbury.

The Rev. Beale Poste forwarded a paper entitled "Further Remarks on the Chronicle of Tysilio and on the Territories of Vortigern," in reply to some observations by Mr. Wakeman in the Journal of the Association, vol. x.

Mr. H. Syer Cuming, Hon. Sec., read some observations on the Nimbus, in

April 11. At the Annual General Meeting, S. R. Solly, F.R.S., F.S.A., one of the Vice-Presidents, was in the Chair.

The Report of the Auditors (J. Wimbridge, F.S.A. and W. H. Palin,) together with the Balance Sheet of Receipts and Expenditure for the past year, was received, from which it appeared that the sum of 5251. 98. 3d. had been received, and 4497. Os. 7d. expended, leaving a balance of 761. 8s. 8d. in favour of the Association upon the year. Eleven Members were reported as deceased during the year, and twenty-two had retired, to meet which, forty-two new associates, and one foreign corresponding member, had been elected. A list of contributors to the Donation Fund, to pay off a debt due to the Treasurer, and maintain the number of illustrations in the Journal, was read, from which it appeared that the sum of 1671. 28. had been subscribed, and it was resolved that application should be made to those associates who had not yet subscribed, to increase the amount. The thanks of the Society were voted to the Auditors, Officers, and Council; and, in particular to the Treasurer, T. G. Pettigrew, esq., for his undeviating and invaluable services to the Association.

Mr. Pettigrew being too indisposed to read the notices he has prepared of the deceased members, his paper was deferred to the next public meeting on the 25th. The Earl of Perth and Melfort was elected President for the ensuing year; J. R. Planché, esq. Rouge Croix, and H. Syer Cuming, esq. Secretaries; and William Beattie, M.D. Secretary for Foreign Correspondence.

SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.

April 9. At this meeting, the Society, on the suggestion of Mr. Stuart, the Secretary, resolved to urge in the proper quarters the propriety of having all the ancient remains in different parts of the country marked on the new survey.

The following communications were read :

I. Notice of a Greek inscription lately found at Chester. By J. Y. Simpson, M.D.,

F.S.A. Scot. The altar on which this inscription occurred is supposed by Dr. Simpson, on various grounds, to have been dedicated by Hermogenes, physician to the Emperor Hadrian.

II. Notices of the burial of King Malcolm III. (Canmore) in the monastery at Tynemouth, in 1093, and of the subsequent history of his remains. By John Stuart, esq. Secretary. The general statements of the English annalists go to show that Malcolm and his son Edward were buried at Tynemouth in 1093; but some of them allege that when the body of the monarch was reclaimed by his son Alexander I. that of another person was given to him, while the Scotish chroniclers allege that the body of Malcolm was really restored to his son, and by him interred at Dunfermline. In the present paper, Mr. Stuart collected the conflicting statements. In 1247, the Prior of Tynemouth discovered two skeletons, when digging the foundations of additionel buildings, and these he supposed to be the remains of Malcolm and his son. A letter from a monk at Kelso, giving the Prior all the information which he had on the subject, is preserved, and was referred to by Mr. Stuart in the present paper; which adverted, also, to the subsequent translation of Malcolm's body into the choir at Dunfermline in 1250, along with that of his sainted queen, and to its supposed resting-place in the Escurial, where it is by some authors said to have been placed by Philip II.

III. On a curious difficulty as to evidence, arising from an entry of the Duke of York's name in the Sederunt of the Privy Council at Edinburgh, in July, 1684.

By Robert Chambers, esq. F.S.A. Scot. On the change of government in Scotish affairs which occurred in the summer of 1684. the Earl of Perth, who succeeded the Earl of Aberdeen as Chancellor, left London in the beginning of July of that year, and arrived on the 10th in Edinburgh to commence the duties of his Government. In the record of the Privy Council, out of the first five meetings after Perth's arrival, the sederunt, or list of Councillors present, is headed with the words-"His Royal Highness his Majesty's High Commissioner" -being the style under which the Duke of York was recognised in the same record when he attended the meetings of Privy Council three years before. One might thus suppose that the duke had paid a short visit to Edinburgh to inaugurate the reign of the new Ministers ; but Mr. Chambers came to the conclusion that there was very little room for doubt that the duke did not visit Edinburgh at this time, and that the entry of his style in the sederunt is a fiction; and concluded his paper with

various arguments from historical records in support of this view, inferring that the best record evidence must be taken subject to correction. This paper gave rise to an interesting discussion, in which Mr. Cosmo Innes, and Messrs. Joseph Robertson and William Fraser, of the General Register House, adduced various arguments in support of the authenticity of the record.

IV. Notice of recent Excavations in the Hill Fort of Dunsinane, Perthshire. By T. A. Wise, M.D., F.S.A. Scot.-In these excavations were found parts of several human skeletons, remains of animals, calcined wood, and a quern.

V. Communication from C. C. Rafn, Esq. Secretary of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen. By J. M. Mitchell, F.S.A. Scot.-In this communication Mr. Rafn gave information about various Runic monuments; and stated that Runes had recently been found on the Lion of St. Mark at Venice.

There were exhibited at the meeting an old silver watch of elegant workmanship, said to have once belonged to Prince Charles Stuart, by Robert Chambers, esq.; and a head of Chaucer in ivory, by Francis Abbot, esq. The following donations were announced:1. Two small Roman vases and basins of Samian Ware, found in stone coffins in Portland Isle; by W. Simson, esq. F.S.A. Scot. 2. A large collection of casts of Scotch seals made by the late General Hutton, from General Hutton's Executors; by Cosmo Innes, esq. F.S.A. Scot.

3. Antique thimble of filigree work, by a Fellow of the Society. 4. A lot of rubbings from monumental brasses, &c. by J. T. Irving, esq. architect, London.

KILKENNY AND SOUTH-EAST OF IRELAND ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

At the March meeting of this Society an extract was read from a letter of Charles Steward, esq., C.E., employed on a railroad in Canada West, describing the contents found in some Indian graves, as resembling, and yet so different from, those of Irish barrows. In the first opened was a large silver spear-head, something like the spear used for fishing, only that it must have been employed as an ornament to fasten some part of the dress. There was also a plate of silver, something like a tea-saucer, and of the same size, but probably used as a brooch; also a smaller one, with carved figures upon it. There was a large number of copper buttons, and a little looking-glass, in a carved frame made of one piece of wood. They seem evidently the things which had been" traded" with the Indians when the country was first settled; and there were the remains of a

curious pair of shoes, which were not half so much decayed as the bones, some of which were completely decomposed. In another grave there was an old jack-line, flint and steel, and two pieces of silver, about the same size as those in the first grave. In the third grave that was opened there were pipes, spears, arrows, together with three or four silver brooches, placed in a row across the chest of the skeleton.

Mr. Hitchcock sent some remarks on gallauns, or pillar-stones. In the account of sun-dials by the Rev. James Mease, in the Society's Proceedings for 1853, he offers the suggestion that the great standing stones found all over Ireland, and particularly in the south and west parts, may, amongst other uses, have served as sundials. The gallauns are found in all situations on the mountain side, and in the deep and secluded valley, where for the greater part of the year the sun has but very little effect on them, and where they could never have been of any use as sundials. They are also sometimes found in rows of two, three, four, and five, with only a few feet distance between every two of them. These rows or groups Mr. Hitchcock has little doubt are sepulchral, as he believes the greater number of the gallauns are; while many more of them may have served as ancient landmarks, by which were divided the territories of the old chieftains.

Mr. Hitchcock also remarked that, amongst the figures represented in Professor Lepsius's great work on Egypt,_Nubia, and Ethiopia, published by the Prussian Government, are prototypes of the Irish serpent, cross, ring-money, neck-collars, and bouchal (crozier).

Mr. Edward Fitzgerald, of Youghal, drew the attention of the Society to the fact that an attempt had been made by the Royal Irish Academy to induce Mr. Odell, the proprietor of Ardmore, to take down from its place, and forward to the museum of the Academy, the stones inscribed with ogham characters recently discovered by Mr. Fitzgerald, built into the masonry of St. Declan's oratory. Mr. Fitzgerald, in a letter to Mr. Odell on the subject, very properly suggested that the chief value of this inscribed stone consisted in the position in which it was placed by the builders of the oratory, and he justly stigmatised the proposed act of the Academy as "a barbarous piece of Vandalism,"-a step, indeed, perfectly gratuitous when we see what perfect fac-similes may be made from

casts.

The Rev. James Graves exhibited a great number of interesting rubbings. They were fac-similes of the memorials of learned men, ecclesiastics, and kings who