is not mentioned, but Gomer, Tubal, and others of his sons were among the thirty. Tuisco reigned 118 years, and instructed his people in the art of writing. It is also stated that the city of Trèves was the first founded in Germany, and that it was built by King Trebeka, the son of Lemisamis, who fled from Babylon to escape from his mother's embraces, took ship and came and settled at Trèves; that, as the population increased, the cities of Cologne, Mayence, Worms, Strasburg, and Basle were built; and that Strasburg was a populous city long before the Christian era, and came into the hands of the Romans at the time of Julius Cæsar. The book then gives an account of all the Roman Emperors, with their portraits, and the Kings of the Franks, both before and after the Christian era. The history of the cathedral is, that it was first founded by Clodoveus (Clovis) in the year 500; that, being chiefly built of wood, was burnt by lightning in 1007; that in 1015 the rebuilding commenced, and in 1275 it was all completed except the towers; that they were begun in 1277 by Master Ehrwein, of Steinbach, and in 1305 were carried up to where the spire begins by John Hultzer, of Cologne, when, the master of the works dying, the work came to a stand, but that at length the tower was completed by a native of Suabia. It also gives an account of all the Bishops of Strasburg, the See having been founded in 640; the Emperors of Germany with their portraits and armorial bearings, and the Mayors, or Stadtmeisters of Strasburg, who begin in 1271; and amongst many historical events it records all the great conflagrations in the German cities, severe winters, great storms, appearance of comets, &c. The last event recorded is in 1327, when a dreadful fire suddenly broke out in the house of a currier, in Curriers' Street, in Strasburg, and burnt down all one side of the street, and fourteen houses on the other. It gives in addition the ordinances and forms of proceedings in all the councils and courts of Strasburg, and the oaths taken by the different officers; and concludes with finely painted representations of all the costumes of all the different classes in Strasburg at the period at which it was written.

Mr. Morgan also exhibited a cylindrical or drum-shaped Table Clock, of silver gilt, resembling the Bohemian clock in the Society's collection in form and construction, and probably of the same date. The movement is entirely of steel, quite original, and in perfect condition. The hand revolves once in twenty-four hours, and the hours are numbered from 1 to 24. There are also on the face revolving discs and indices shewing the course of the sun

and moon through the Zodiac, and the age and phases of the moon. A mark at the bottom shews it to have been made at Nuremburg.

March 8. Rear-Adm. W. H. Smyth, V.P. A note was read from Robert Lemon, esq. F.S.A., addressed to the Vice-President in the chair, introductory of Nine Proclamations of the reigns of Elizabeth and James the First, which had been acquired by interchange of Duplicates with Queen's College, Oxford. One of these, dated 2nd June, 1610, has an indorsement made by Archbishop Laud, and was doubtless used by him on his trial, as it bears a number under the indorsement similar to those upon papers in the State Paper Office, which are known to have been used by Laud on his trial.

The Secretary exhibited several objects in bronze, found at different intervals some years ago in South Wilts. They consisted of a mould for casting celts, the blade of a dagger, several fibulæ and tweezers, and some hair-pins and implements of huswifery, all of bronze. The celt-mould was ornamented with a peculiar platted band, of a character not hitherto observed on these objects.

J. W. Pycroft, esq. F.S.A., presented to the Society a piece of canvas, both sides of which are painted with a representation of St. Martin of Tours relieving the beggar, each side corresponding exactly. Mr. J. H. Parker remarked, that it was an interesting specimen of a processional banner, but rarely seen in this country.

Edward Waterton, esq. F.S.A., exhibited Seven Rings, five of gold and two of silver, found at different places. One, of the gold, representing the Holy Trinity, the Virgin Mary, and St. Anne, and a Pietà, dug up at Offord Abbey; and another, set with a sapphire, on which is engraved a veiled female head, around which is the legend, in Gothic character, TECTA. LEGE. LECTA. TEGE. One of the silver Rings, dug up at Bury St. Edmund's in 1853, has a monogram.

J. B. Yates, esq. of Liverpool, communicated a document addressed to the Protector Cromwell, proposing that the State should take the office and charge of Mercantile Insurance into their own hands.

Richard Brooke, esq. F.S.A., communicated a memoir on the field of battle of Tewkesbury. On the western side of that town there is a range of elevated ground, called the Home-ground or Home Hill, where once a castle stood, the rise of which commences very near the town, and extends on the side of the turnpike road to Gloucester as far as the first mile-stone, just opposite to which, and on the eastward side of the road, is a field which has

immemorially been called "Margaret's Camp." The battle was, according to tradition, fought at that place, and in the adjacent fields on the southward, and also in those a little to the eastward of it. In the centre of the field there is a circular inclosure, measuring about twenty-six yards across, surrounded by a small and shallow ditch. It is too insignificant, Mr. Brooke observes, to have formed part of the military entrenchments, but it may possibly have been a place of interment of some of the slain. He was informed that human bones had formerly been discovered there. A meadow on the westward side of the turnpike road, half a mile from Tewkesbury, is called the "Bloody Meadow," and an idea is generally entertained that it derives its name from the slaughter of many of the fugitives, who fled towards a ferry over the Severn. Few relics attributable to the battle have been found, and it is doubtful whether such as have occurred may not rather be assigned to some military encounters near the town during the civil war of Charles I.

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.

Feb. 22. John Lee, esq., LL.D., in the chair.

Richard Sainthill, esq., of Cork, communicated some remarks on the coinage of British India, suggested by an unpublished pattern rupee of William IV., A.D. 1834, engraved by William Wyon, R.A., of H.M. Royal Mint, which Mr. Sainthill had procured at the sale of Mr. Cuff's coins; and another paper on a rare Penny of Henry III., reading on the reverse,

ANG. LIE. TER. CIS.

The Chairman exhibited a bronze medal in honour of Olbers, the discoverer of the planets Vesta and Pallas.

March 22. Mr. Bergne, in the chair. Mr. Roach Smith exhibited a fine Imperial Greek coin of Caracalla, struck at Perinthus. The reverse is a galley with a sail set. This rare coin was found a short time since during some excavations made near the Tower of London. It is almost, if not quite, the only Greek coin, Mr. Roach Smith observed, he could authenticate as discovered in London. With this coin was exhibited an ancient leaden piece struck from the dies for the penny of William the Conqueror. It is similar to the coin in pl. xix. fig. 246, of Hawkins's Silver Coins, and was found at Walbrook, in the City. It is now in Mr. Roach Smith's collection.

Mr. Evans exhibited two copper coins of Cunobeline, in singularly fine preservation. One presented, on the obverse, a galeated head to the right, with the legend CVNOBELINUS ; and, on the reverse, a sow standing to the right, and the legend,

TASCIOVANII, and apparently an F in the exergue. The other showed a laureated head to the left, with the legend CVNOBELINI. The reverse of this coin gives the legend TASCIOVANI . F.; the device being a centaur to the right, blowing a horn. The workmanship of these coins is of a superior order to that of the generality of British Coins, and conveys the impression that the dies were the production of Roman artists. If this was the case there can be but little doubt that Mr. Birch's interpretation of the reverse as TASCIOVANI. FILIVS. is correct, especially when we consider the analogy of Roman contemporary coins with AVGVSTVS. DIVI. F. on them.

Mr. Vaux read a paper on Bactrian coins by Dr. W. H. Scott, of Edinburgh.

SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.

March 12. At this meeting the following donations were laid on the table :

1. Four bronze celts, a spear-head, battleaxe, cabinet ornament, and animal's tooth, found near the supposed site of the castle of King Malcolm Canmore, at Forfar; a bronze celt, found on the farm of Hallhill, Kincardineshire; ancient powderhorn; a spearhead found near the court hill, at Fernybank, Forfarshire; a stone lamp found at the base of the Hill of Laws, parish of Monifieth; six silver coins found in the kirkyard of Monifieth, of Alexander III. of Scotland, and Edward I. and II. of England; and photographs of eight panels of carved oak, formerly in the hall of Edzell Castle, Forfarshire. By A. Jarvise, esq. Brechin.

2. Leathern shroud found in a stone coffin in the nave of the Abbey Church, Dunfermline. By the Rev. P. Chalmers, D.D.

Five communications were read:

1. Descriptive notices of various localities in Forfarshire, where some of the antiquities above enumerated were found. By A. Jarvise, esq. Brechin, author of "Lands of the Lindsays."

2. Notice of the out-fort on Barry Hill, Forfarshire, recently removed. By T. Wise, M.D., F.S.A. Scot.

3. On Roman Swords. By A. H. Rhind, esq. F.S.A. Scot. In this paper Mr. Rhind investigated the question as to the materials of which Roman swords were formed, and was inclined to hold that the bronze leaf-shaped swords found in Scotland and elsewhere were not Roman weapons.

4. Notice of a stone coffin found in the pavement of the Abbey Church, Dunfermline, in 1849, and of its contents. By the Rev. P. Chalmers, D.D., F.S.A. Scot. The paper concluded that the tomb was that of Edward, son of Malcolm III,,

who with his father fell at the Siege of Alnwick Castie in 1093. Mr. Joseph Robertson suggested that the architectural character of the monument would indicate a more modern date than Dr. Chalmers had supposed.

5. Notices of impressions of ancient seals, principally of the Eglinton family. By W. H. Scott, M.D., F.S.A. Scot.

There were exhibited at the meeting a stone patera, found in the foundation of the out-fort on Barry Hill, Forfarshire, by the Hon. Captain W. Ogilvy of Loyal; nineteen beads of vitreous paste, recently found in a moss on the estate of Banff, Perthshire, by Sir James Ramsay, Bart.; and an antique chessboard, inlaid in ivory, with subjects from sop's Fables, by H. J. Rollo, esq. W.S.

KILKENNY AND SOUTH-EAST OF IRELAND ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Jan. 10. At the annual general meeting of this very flourishing society, the report announced an accession of 126 names to its muster-roll during the past year, including that of the Earl of Rosse. The loss of the Marquess of Ormonde, the Society's Patron, was specially noticed, with those of the Rev. George Stanley Faber, Mr. T. Crofton Croker, Mr. Patrick Chalmers of Auldbar, and Captain Edward Stanley, a gentleman distinguished for his zeal in the study of numismatics, who fell in the battle of Inkerman. The roll of the Society now amounts to 536 members. Since the last annual meeting, the Transactions for 1852, extending to 176 pages, with numerous illustrations, have been issued; those for 1853 are nearly ready; whilst the Proceedings and Transactions of the past year, forming the first portion of a third volume, extending to 206 pages, and largely illustrated, have been completed and issued. Arrangements have been made to issue the Transactions here

after by the post, once in every two months. The Rev. James Graves exhibited a beautifully illuminated grant of arms, which he had lately secured in Dublin, for the Society. It recited that the Earl of Ormonde "is well pleased that William Smith [of Damagh, in the county of Kilkenny,] should bear some parcell of his arms, for a perpetual-memory of ye worthy, faithful, and diligent service by him done for the said Earle;" dated 29th June, 1640. By a contemporary indorsement on the back it is stated that "The reason of the within achievement of the dove holding an olivebranch was bycause it was imparted by the within-named Earle James, to the withinnamed William Smyth, by way of secresie that the happie match in marriage between the said Earle and his nowe Countesse was made sure and done; and willed the said

William Smyth, who was then going from the Court of England into Ireland, to tell the said Earle his mother so much, and to bidd her be of good comfort; which joyfull newes the said William Smyth brought into Ireland, and was the first that ever imparted the certaintie thereof unto the said Earle his mother, the Lady Viscountesse Dowager of Thurles, by way of secresie; which was by the said Earle concealed bycause at that time the King and State of England were against that match, and therefore was it that the said Earle used these words unto the said William Smyth, when he sent him away,' More I could let you know, but he that cannot keep his own counsel, cannot keep another man's.'" This was in allusion to the mar riage between James Lord Thurles, afterwards the great Duke of Ormonde, to his cousin Lady Elizabeth Preston, which restored to the Ormonde family the estates alienated from them by James I. who had conferred them upon one of his Scotch favourites, Preston, in marriage with the lady's mother, the daughter of Thomas the tenth Earl of Ormonde.

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Copies of some ancient and curious documents connected with the Abbeys of Tintern, in Wexford, and Owny or Abingdon, in Tipperary, were communicated to the Society by Charles C. Babington, esq. of St. John's college, Cambridge, and the Rev. J. Graves; and Mr. R. Caulfield, of Cork, communicated a curious account of funeral expenses at the beginning of the last century.

Mr. Price read a paper on the ancient Militias of the city of Kilkenny, founded on a number of documents and musterrolls preserved amongst the Haydock papers in the Evidence Chamber of Kilkenny Castle. The writer was of opinion that the origin of this force is unquestionably to be found in the feudal system, established in Britain and Ireland by the conquering Normans, each proprietor being bound, through the military tenure whereby he held his estates, to supply a certain number of armed men for the defence of the state as well as the enforcement of his own seignorial rights, thus discharging alike civil and military functions; and perhaps we may trace some of its arrangements to the power entrusted from a very early period to Sheriffs, of calling out the posse comitatus for the maintenance of the law. The first Commission of Array in England, which brought the Militia system into something like the modern organization, is stated to have been issued in 1422; but the arrangements were further developed, and moulded into nearly their present shape, by the statutes of 13, 14, and 15 Charles II. passed in the years 1661, 1662, and 1663, in which the subsequent

acts or royal proclamations of James, William, Anne, and the Georges, only made such trifling changes as suited them to the exigencies of the times. The ancient militia of the county of Kilkenny was from an early period under the full direction and control of the lord of the liberty, whose feudatories and vassals were exempted from the provisions of the various royal commissions of array issued from time to time, as he had bound himself to the Crown to take the necessary order on all occasions for the defence of the liberty at his own expense. The Earls of Ormonde being also lords of the liberty of Tipperary, the same system of defence was established in that county. A document of the sixteenth century, in the evidence chamber of Kilkenny castle, sets out the provisions of the contract between the Crown and the Lord of the Liberties of Kilkenny and Tipperary; but in cities like Kilkenny, the feudal usages which prevailed through the rural districts did not hold. The burgesses purchased their exemption from military tenures by the sums paid to the proprietor of the district and to the crown for their `charters of incorporation, and they were not liable to be called away by the feudal lord of the locality to fight his battles, unless the martial spirit of the times prompted them, as it frequently did, to volunteer for such a service. But consisting chiefly of colonies of English artizans, planted in districts wrung by the stronghand from the original proprietors, and surrounded by the hostile native clans, anxious to seize upon any opportunity to annoy the intruder or wrest from his possession the territory which they still deemed their own by right, each burgess found it necessary to study the use of arms, and be prepared at a moment's notice to join his fellow-townsmen for the defence of the community from the sudden foray or the stealthy inroad of the "Irish enemy." The burgesses were not content with merely defending their town, but frequently gave their military aid to their powerful neighbour and patron, the Earl of Ormonde, either in support of the crown, or in carrying out his private feuds against the Geraldines. In the time of king Henry the Sixth (circ. 1430), in a fight between the Earls of Ormonde and Desmond, almost all the townsmen of Kilkenny were slain, of course on the side of the Butler. On the 9th Feb. 1609, the town council of Kilkenny passed a law for the infliction of a fine of twelve pence "on every householder making default of going to match or muster, when warned by the constable." It was further enacted that any persons having weapons, not being able to use the same, should deliver them

during the time of service to such poor people as were able to serve and not able to purchase weapons. Such persons as had not the weapons appointed by the corporation, were to be imprisoned till they could procure them; and poor men of able bodies were furnished with weapons at the city's charge. The use intended to be made of these arms is sufficiently indicated by another order made the same day, that "any person summoned to a muster of the Militia, and not appearing, to pay 12d." This is the earliest mention of a militia force under that name, found in the civic records. On the 20th Jan. 1642 a time of great political excitement throughout the country, and in Kilkenny in particular-it was enacted, that every of the merchants and freemen that keep open shop, shall keep in their shops a good halbert, brown bill, or short pike, and every merchant to wear a sword in the street, on pain of 5s. to the use of the corporation ;" and in 1680, “ that noe man shall be sworne a freeman of this Citty untill he bring into Court either a firelock and collor of bandileeres, or a sword, which ye board of Aldermen shall thinke fitting."

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The documents to which Mr. Price's remarks served as an introduction, consist of Muster Rolls of the reigns of Charles II., James II., William and Mary, Anne, and George I, together with Commissions of Array, Commissions of Officers, correspondence respecting the supply of arms and ammunition, and general memoranda. The City Militia of Anne's reign consisted of a Regiment of five companies, under the command of the Mayor as Colonel, and also a troop of Dragoons. In all the earlier muster-rolls, the privates and noncommissioned officers consisted mainly of the shop-keepers and most respectable traders and gentlemen of the town, including the aldermen and other members of the corporation. During the religious struggle at the close of the seventeenth century, the companies were alternately composed only of citizens of that form of faith which was in the ascendant at the time, and those of opposite opinions were forced to maintain them, the Militia being quartered upon them as if they were an army occupying an enemy's country. These documents, and the remarks by which they were illustrated and elucidated, will be printed in full in the Society's Transactions.

Papers were also contributed by Mr. Edward Fitzgerald, of Youghal, on the newly discovered Ogham in the oratory of St. Declan at Ardmore, and on some acoustic vases and other relics discovered in the church of St. Mary at Youghal.

Russia.-Early on the morning of the 2nd March the Emperor Nicholas expired, after an illness of only a few days.

In the afternoon of the same day, his eldest son, the Cesarewitch Alexander was proclaimed Emperor at St. Petersburg. On the same day the new Emperor issued a manifesto to his subjects, announcing his accession. A circular, since issued to the diplomatic representatives of Russia, states that it is the Emperor's desire to complete the work of peace begun by his father, provided terms can be obtained consistent with the honour of Russia.

Vienna.-The new Conference, consisting of the representatives of France, England, Austria, Turkey, and Russia, has had numerous meetings during the last fortnight, and has satisfactorily settled the two first "points," namely, the Protectorate of the Principalities and the Free Navigation of the Danube. According to the last intelligence we have received, the third point, which provides for a diminution of Russian preponderance in the Black Sea, is now under discussion; and on the settlement of this point will depend the question of peace or war.

The Crimea. We have nothing of importance to report, either at Eupatoria or before Sebastopol. Sorties were of almost daily occurrence, but without much effect. The Russians have succeeded in establishing advanced earthworks in front of the

Malakhoff tower, and an attempt, on the part of the French, to expel them from these works, on the 23rd of February, was unsuccessful, and resulted in a loss of about 100 Zouaves. The condition of the English army has much improved, and they have now abundant supplies of all necessaries. The railway is in rapid progress and is already in use, for the conveyance of shot and shell, for three miles from Balaklava towards the camp. The Russians have again established themselves in force in the neighbourhood of Balaklava. One of the last acts of the Emperor Nicholas was to recall Prince Menschikoff from the command of the Russian forces in the Crimea. Prince Gortschakoff has been appointed his successor.

Australia.-Serious disturbances have taken place at the Ballarat diggings, near Melbourne, which were suppressed only by military force. On the 3rd December, 1854, a body of soldiers and armed police attacked an intrenched camp, which had been made by the insurgent diggers, and, after about ten minutes' firing, compelled it to surrender. About 26 of the insurgents were killed, and 123 taken prisoners. The military lost 3 men killed, and 2 officers and 30 rank and file wounded. On the 4th martial war was proclaimed in the district by the Lieutenant-Governor. Letters of the 9th state that tranquillity was perfectly restored.

GAZETTE PREFERMENTS.

Feb. 21. James McCulloch, Charles Bradshaw, Donald Kennedy, and Alfred Ross, esqrs. to be non-elective Members of the Legislative Council of the colony of Victoria.

Feb. 26. Sir Henry George Ward, K.G.C. St. M. and St. G. (now Lord High Commissioner for the Ionian Islands) to be Governor and Commander-in-chief of Ceylon.-StaffSurgeon James B. Gibson, esq. M.D. to be Surgeon to H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge; the Rev. Robert Halpin to be one of his Royal Highness's Chaplains.

March 3. The Right Hon. Robert Vernon Smith to be Her Majesty's Commissioner for the affairs of India.

March 5. The Right Hon. Sir George Cornewall Lewis, Bart. to be Chancellor and UnderTreasurer of the Exchequer.

March 7. Viscount Palmerston, G.C.B., the Right Hon. Sir G. Cornewall Lewis, Bart., Viscount Monck, Viscount Duncan, and Chi

chester Samuel Fortescue, esq. to be Lords Commissioners of the Exchequer.

March 8 Theodore Walrond Fuller, esq. to be a Stipendiary Magistrate in Trinidad; and Capt. John McCourt to be a Member of the Executive and Legislative Councils on the Gold Coast.

March 10. The Right Hon. Edward Horsman (appointed Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland) sworn of Her Majesty's Most Hon. Privy Council.-The Right Hon. Matthew Talbot Baines, President of the Poor Law Board, to be a Member of the Committee of Council on Education.

March 13. The Right Hon. Sir Chas. Wood, Bart., Rear-Adm. Maurice F. F. Berkeley, C.B., Rear-Adm. Henry Eden, Capt. Peter Richards, C.B., Capt. Alex. Milne, and Sir Robert Peel, Bart. to be Commissioners of the Admiralty.

March 14. Warrington Rogers, esq. to be Solicitor-general for Van Diemen's Land; and William Dallas Bernard, esq. to be Deputy Commissary-general for Ceylon.-Chas. Fisher,