that age of giants." Mr. Raine passed on to a notice of the baron's two wives.

In conclusion Mr. Raine said, "Few men, perhaps, in England, were more proud of their family name and honours than John Lord Lumley; and not one, perhaps, had greater reason to pride himself on his ancestry. He could look upon the castle and the broad acres which for 600 years had been in the possession of his family-a family with which the greatest of our northern barons had been proud to match their daughters—a family which was connected with royalty itself, and which sprang from a Saxon noble and the daughter of a great Northumbrian earl. It was this veneration for the memory of his ancestors which induced Lord Lumley to gather together their bones, and to enshrine them in that long line of tombs which fills the northern aisle in the church of Chester-le-Street; and it was this reverence, and the wish not to degenerate from the worthiness of his ancestors, that made him place his claim to nobility upon a surer and a firmer basis than mere rank could ever give him. He was,' says Camden, a person of entire virtue, integrity, and innocence, and in his old age a compleat pattern of true nobility.' The portraits of him which still remain at Lumley give us a most favourable notion of his character. In person he appears to have been considerably above the middle size; and there is a quiet dignity in his countenance which fully confirms Camden's opinion of him. His face indicates great taste and thought. His connection with the powerful family of Fitzalan introduced Lord Lumley to public affairs in early life; but, notwithstanding his name not unfrequently occurs among the affairs of the time, his disposition seems to have been averse to the turmoil of State business. Retirement was evidently more congenial to him, and his natural taste led him to surround himself with artists and literary men. His library was a very rich one. Many of his books were presented by him in his lifetime to the library of the University of Oxford, where he was Lord High Steward. Others found their way into the public library at Cambridge: and I believe that the British Museum contains many valuable works which were formerly in his possession. His collection of paintings and works of art appears also to have been very extensive. His great wealth enabled him to secure the works of the best artists, and his good taste would protect him from any fraud or imposition. The county of Durham has every reason to be proud of Lord Lumley; and it is very much to be regretted that his descendants have shown themselves so un

worthy of the great name they bear in allowing his collections to be so recklessly dispersed.

The chairman observed, that when he was a boy, pictures, &c., from Lumley Castle, were commonly to be seen in the neighbouring farm-houses. Mr. Bell stated that there were two sales, and he had both the catalogues. There was no portrait of Shakspere mentioned, but several portraits without names.

BRICKWORK IN GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE.

At a recent meeting of the Oxford Architectural Society, the subject for discussion was the application of brickwork to Gothic Architecture. Mr. Parker began by observing that the Gothic was, of all other styles, that which could most readily adapt itself to any material. Our ancestors built of stone where they could get it-of granite in the granite districts, such as the south of Devon, parts of Wales, and Britany-in flint and chalk in those parts of the country where they are most easily to be obtained, as in Norfolk, and in brick in the clay districts. The great point which he would lay stress upon was that they made use of that material which was the cheapest. An apparent contradiction occurred in the Fen country of Lincolnshire, where, amidst abundance of clay, and no stone, some of our finest stone buildings have been erected; but on examination it will be found that there is no inconsistency in this with the general theory. The stone they employed was Caen stone, which was placed on board the vessel close to the quarries, floated down the river Orne on which Caen is situated, across the sea, and then up one of the numerous navigable streams which are found in that part of the coast of England; so that Caen stone became to them, by avoiding the expense of land carriage, the cheapest material almost that they could get. Mr. Parker proceeded to observe that brick was used in all ages, in all countries. It was needless to refer to the Roman buildings in which tile (another name for brick or burnt clay) was the chief element of construction. After the time of the Romans there was a lull in the history of brick building, and during the interval few buildings of any importance were erected. He could only mention St. Clement's at Rome, the church of Brixworth in Northamptonshire, and the remains called the Jewry Wall in Leicester. After the revival which took place in the eleventh century, was built the splendid cathedral of St. Mark's at Venice, the fabric of which is of brick, covered with marble on the outside and mosaic on the inside. In England of the same period are St. Alban's abbey and Colchester castle.

Of the twelfth century, the only example he could call to mind at the moment was St. Botolph's priory at Colchester, but he had no doubt many others might be mentioned. In France at this period we have curious specimens of brickworkwhere the brick or tile is inserted into the stonework as ornament, e.g. at Lyons, Vienne, and Le Puy; in Belgium, the ruins of St. Bavon at Ghent; in Italy, St. Stephano and St. George at Rome; Torcello and Murano at Venice; at Constantinople, St. Theotoki.

Of the thirteenth century in England occur the fine examples of Little Wenham Hall in Suffolk and Coggeshall in Essex. In France numerous examples. In Germany, St. Ausgar at Bremen, and the Dom at Cammin. In Italy, houses and palaces at Padua, Verona, and Mantua, the church of St. Francis at Assisi, and the Campanili of St. Benedetto.

In the fourteenth century he had no example to notice in England. In France he would particularly mention the cathedral of Alby, whose vault he believed to be of the largest span of any in Europe, being 88 feet wide by 90 feet high, and this was built entirely of brick, as also the tower of the same cathedral, which was upwards of 290 feet high, and whose massive base has admitted of a chapel being dug out of it without injuring the stability of the fabric above. He also referred to other French examples. In Germany, the cathedral at Ulm; churches at Prinzlau and Wismar; houses at Griefwald, and at Stralsund, Lubeck, and Auslam. In Italy the houses at Parma, the Doria Palace at Genoa, St. Bernardino at Verona. Elegant details at Piacenza, the Church of St. Petronio at Bologna, and at Venice the churches of the Frari and S. Giovanni.

In the 15th and 16th centuries there was an abundance of examples in England of moulded brick, chiefly of the time of Henry VIII., as Tattershall castle and Thornton abbey in Lincolnshire, Eton College, Buckinghamshire, Great Badham, Sandon, Layer Marney, and Ingalton in Essex; Hurstmonceux castle in Sussex, and several colleges at Cambridge. In France numerous examples. In Holland nearly all the churches, including such fine specimens as Rotterdam, Delft, and Leyden; in Germany the church at Wismar, the town halls at Hanover, Breslau, and Lubeck, houses at Rostock and Brandenburgh. In Spain the palace of the Alhambra, with its very rich ornament of moulded brick. In Italy the campanile of S. Paolo at Venice, and numerous houses. The brick ornaments at Venice of this period are of patterns identical with

those which we have been accustomed to consider as belonging exclusively to the 12th and 13th centuries. He had mentioned only those examples of which drawings were exhibited; he was well aware that these are only a small portion of the examples which might be cited. Having thus viewed the historical part of the subject, he said that he would leave it to others to treat of its practical application.

The Rev. W. Sewell, Warden of Radley, then made some remarks on the advantages of employing brick, and especially moulded or ornamental brick. He knew that it was open to a very grave objection from the liability to the constant repetition of the same form, which would be contrary to the true principle of Gothic architecture; but in some cases, such as the mouldings of an arch, or a series of arches, or such details where uniformity and exact copy were needful, he approved highly of its introduction. At this moment he was employing it to some extent in his new buildings at Radley, and he found it to answer exceedingly well. He also spoke in high terms of Mr. Grimsley's qualifications, not only for the perfection to which he had brought his machinery for the manufacture of tile and brick, but also for the talent which he displayed as a sculptor. He had just had a series of heads made in tile; for which, if he had had them carved in stone, he would have had to pay at least fourteen guineas each; Mr. Grimsley had produced them in his hard-burnt clay, which is equally durable with stone, for three guineas, and no two are alike. The irregularity of outline, which was so constantly complained of as an objection to the use of burnt clay, he considered to be of no disadvantage; he would even go so far as to say that he believed that our artists of old expressly avoided straight formal lines, and that the irregular outline afforded beauty to the work.

Mr. Street, who exhibited some fine drawings of German and Italian brick buildings, then made, at the request of the President, some remarks upon the ancient use of brickwork, describing the salient features of English, German, and Italian modes of construction. Of these he gave the preference to the Italian, and especially to the brickwork of Verona, as the most perfect. He observed that moulded bricks might be used to any extent short of the imitation of other materials, as e.g. of stone, and he reprobated very strongly the attempt to introduce terra-cotta imitation of traceries and carvings in stone, as likely to destroy all art, and very much to hinder the charms of a successful revival of brickwork. He also alluded to the fact that brick was really as proper a material

for use in Oxford as stone; since, though surrounded with stone quarries, the masons of Oxford now go to Bath for stone, and no longer use the perishable material in the neighbourhood.

At a subsequent meeting Mr. Street read a paper upon the ancient buildings of Lubeck. They are all executed in red brick, and are remarkable for their number and grand size, and for the number of remains of ancient church furniture, &c., which they contain. The toute ensemble of the city is most striking, owing to the great number of towers, spires, and turrets rising above the picturesque outlines of the old houses. Mr. Street described all the churches in detail, beginning with the cathedral, which however is not so grand or so interesting as the Church of St. Mary, and one of the most interesting buildings appears to be St. Katharine's Church, in which there still remain several vestments, linen, altar cloths, and the like, of the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries, besides a vast number of painted tryptichs. Lubeck is rich in rood screens, roods, and lofts, and in metal parclose screens; but the

most interesting feature is, that every thing inside and out is built with red brick, with very slight and occasional use only of stone. Mr. Street showed that these brick buildings, taken in conjunction with the still finer brick-work of the north of Italy, defined very distinctly the extent to which brick and terra cotta are admissible in good architecture. Bricks used for mouldings were always effective, but wherever they had been used for traceries or carvings, they demoralized the whole work. He pleaded strongly for the use of red brick inside as well as outside; all the old brick buildings both in Germany and Italy have invaribly been so constructed. Street's paper was illustrated by a large number of drawings of the old buildings in Lubeck, and by measured plans of some of the most important, as well as by rubbings made by Mr. Street when he was at Lubeck, of some brasses (one of which appears to have been engraved by the same man who made the St. Alban's, Newark, and King's Lynn brasses, and is perhaps the largest and finest brass in Europe).

Mr.

The Crimea. Very little of importance has occurred before Sebastopol since the battle of Inkermann. Several sorties have been made by the Russians, but they have been constantly repulsed. Gen. Liprandi's corps has abandoned the encampment on the heights to the north-east of the Tchernaya Valley, and retired to Bakschi Serai. This movement has re-opened to our troops the direct road from Balaklava to Sebastopol, from part of which they had been excluded since the 25th Oct. Gen. Dannenberg has been deprived of his command for the affair of the 5th (Inkermann), and is replaced by Gen. Osten Sacken. It is said that Liprandi is also disgraced.

On the 20th Nov. a detachment of the 1st Battalion Rifle Brigade, under Lieut. Tryon, dislodged the Russians from a position in front of our left attack, where they were inflicting some damage on both our troops and the French. The operation was completely successful, but unfortunately cost the life of Lieut. Tryon. The Russians attempted several times to reestablish themselves on the ground before daylight on the 21st, but they were instantly repulsed by Lieut. Bourchier, the

senior surviving officer of the party, and it now remains in our possession.

On the night of the 22d, and on the following morning, shortly before daylight, the Russians renewed their endeavours to get possession of the ground they had been driven from, but were repulsed on both occasions.

A Russian line-of-battle ship having drifted from her moorings to the entrance of the harbour of Sebastopol, has been sunk there beside the others.

The weather has been very bad, and the camp and the country are, in consequence of the rain, in a most unsatisfactory state. The condition of the roads renders it almost impossible to bring up supplies of any sort from Balaklava to the camp, and some regiments have even been placed on half rations.

On the 6th Dec. the Vladimir and another Russian steamer came out of the harbour and attacked two small French steamers which were unloading provisions in Kamiesch bay. The English steamer Valorous endeavoured to cut them off, and pursued them to the entrance. A great number of guns were fired upon her from

the batteries, but she escaped without loss and with very little damage. On the 11th and 12th sorties were made by the Russians. On the former day they obtained possession of some mortars,, but were repulsed; on the 12th they were likewise repulsed, and lost, it is said, 700 men.

The following is the corrected return of casualties at the battle of Inkermann :— 43 officers, 37 sergeants, 4 drummers, 548 rank and file, killed; 100 officers, 112 sergeants, 21 drummers, 1,645 rank and file wounded; 1 officer, 4 sergeants, 58 rank and file, missing; total, 2,573.

The numbers of the Allied Army now before Sebastopol is, English 25,000, and French 45,000, in addition to the Turks. The number of seamen, marines, and marine artillery, with a corresponding complement of officers serving on shore, is little short of 4,600 men, with upwards of 100 guns of heavy calibre.

The Black Sea. From the 13th to the 16th Nov. a fearful tempest raged over the Black Sea. On the 14th, in the anchorage off the Katscha, her Majesty's ship Sampson fell foul of the transport Pyrenees, and was dismasted by the concussion. The latter vessel in consequence of the accident snapped her remaining cable and drifted ashore, and was followed during the day and the succeeding night by the Rodsley, the Ganges, and the Lord Raglan. Eight French brigs, freighted with horses and men, were also cast away, and several of them went to pieces at once. The men-of-war rode out the gale with but trifling damage. Comparatively few lives were lost at the Katscha, but off Balaklava, where the cliffs are steep and abrupt, eight first-class transports became total wrecks, and every soul on board them was lost but 30 persons. The most terrible disaster is the total loss of the new steamship Prince, which arrived a few days before with the 46th Regiment, and a cargo valued at 500,000l. The soldiers had landed, but of a crew of 150 only six were saved. Her cargo included a great portion of the winter clothing for the troops, 40,000 suits of cloth, large quantities of shot and shell, and medical stores. Altogether 18 British and 12 French ships were lost at Balaklava. The loss of life was about 340. Commander Baynton, R.N., and Capt. Inglis of the Engineers, were lost in the Prince.

At Eupatoria the Henri IV., a French ship of the line, the French war steamer Pluton, 7 French and 5 English transports, and a Turkish line-of-battle ship, were driven on shore. During the confusion of the storm, an attack was made on the town of Eupatoria by 4,000 Russian cavalry with 14 pieces of artillery, but was repulsed

by the cannon and rockets of the allies, who had only 4 men wounded. The Henri IV. has since been got off, after landing 55 of her guns, with which new batteries have been constructed.

Berlin.-On the 26th Nov. an additional article to the treaty of April was signed at Berlin, by which the four points are recognised as the basis of a satisfactory arrangement of the Eastern question, and Prussia engages to defend Austria if attacked by Russia in the Principalities. This additional article received the unanimous assent of the Diet at Frankfort on the 9th Dec. The King's speech on the opening stated that he was determined if possible to keep out of the war, and was using his exertions for the restoration of peace. A motion for an address in reply, in favour of a more decided anti-Russian policy, by Count Vincke, was defeated by a majority of 170 to 112. Herr v. Usedom left Berlin on the 19th Dec. on a special mission to the courts of London and Paris, in order to explain the course which Prussia is about to take with respect to the treaty between Austria and the Western Powers. The mission is similar to that of M. Pourtalés last spring, and is inferred to imply the refusal of Prussia to join the treaty. Col. Manteuffel has been sent on a similar mission to Vienna.

Vienna.-On the 28th Nov. Prince Gortschakoff communicated to Count Buol that the Emperor of Russia accepted the four propositions of the Cabinet of Vienna.

On the 2nd of December a treaty was signed at Vienna by the Earl of Westmoreland, the Baron de Bourqueney, and Count Buol, as representatives of their respective Governments, of which the following are the principal conditions. The protocols of the 9th of April and 13th of May, and the notes exchanged on the 8th of August (in which the four points were first stated), are referred to, and the high contracting parties engage not to enter into any arrangement with Russia without deliberating in common. The Emperor of Austria engages to defend the Principalities against any attack by the Russians, and that nothing shall be done by his troops to interfere with the free action of the Allies against the Russian frontier. A commission, to consist of a plenipotentiary from each government, with the addition of a Turkish Commissioner, is to sit at Vienna to decide all questions arising out of the occupation. In case of hostilities arising between Austria and Russia, an offensive or defensive alliance is to be, de facto, established between the former and the Western powers, and no suspension of hostilities will be concluded without the agreement of all the three powers. If peace, on the

basis laid down in the before mentioned notes, shall not be assured before the close of the year (1854) the three powers "will deliberate without delay on the efficacious means of obtaining the object of their alliance." Prussia is to be invited to join the treaty "provided she will engage her cooperation in the accomplishment of the common object." The ratifications of this treaty were exchanged on the 14th.

Paris.-A new postal convention has just been concluded with Great Britain.

The French Legislative Chambers were opened on the 26th in the Salle des Maréchaux in the Tuilleries by the Emperor in person. His speech commences by complimenting the Allied Armies, and acknowledging the honour conferred by the Votes of the British Parliament. He does not hold out any prospect of a speedy restoration of peace. The French Army now numbers 581,000 men and 113,000 horses, the Marine 62,000 sailors. The conscription for the year will be 114,000 men. The ordinary budget will be in equilibrium, and the expenses of the war will be defrayed by a loan.

Spain. On the 28th Nov. Espartero caused himself to be nominated for the Presidency of the Cortes, and was elected, with Marshal O'Donnell as Vice-President. On the 30th the following important proposition was brought forward by Marshal San Miguel, and being supported by Espartero, was carried by 206 against 21 :"We invite the Cortes to declare that the throne of Isabella II. is one of the fundamental bases of the political edifice which, in virtue of their sovereignty, they are about to build." On the 2nd Dec. the Finance Minister, M. Collado, having been defeated by a large majority on the question of the suppression of the octroi duties, the Ministers gave in their resignations to the Duke of Victory. After some negociations, Espartero accepted the task of forming a new administration, which consists of almost the same men as the old. Having thus demonstrated his power, Espartero has resigned the Presidency of the Cortes, to which post Senor Madoz, a very fit candidate, has been elected.

Rome. The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, so long a subject of dispute

between the Dominicans and Franciscans, has been declared by the commission which has just concluded its labours to be an article of faith. The new doctrine was promulgated by the Pope on the 10th Nov,

The Baltic.-The fleet is under orders to return to England, and most of the vessels have already arrived. Sir Charles Napier has returned, leaving Admiral Chads in command of the remaining vessels.

Russia. Extensive preparations are making in the imperial arsenals for putting the Baltic fleet in a condition, not only to carry on a defensive war, but even to assume the offensive.

United States.-Both houses of Congress met on the 4th Dec. President Pierce's message, as usual of great length, maintains the principles of non-interfe rence in European Politics, enlarges on the rights of neutrals, and announces treaties with Russia and Naples for the establishment of the principle so long contended for by the United States, that "free ships make free goods," but states that his government refused to enter into an agreement with Prussia to renounce the use of privateers, unless the leading powers of Europe would concur in proposing, as a rule of international law, that private property on the ocean should be unmolested by ships of war as well as by privateers. He mentions the fishery treaty concluded with Great Britain, and alludes to differences with regard to the boundary on the Pacific, and in Central America, which are to be referred to a joint commission. (Her Majesty's speeeh on the 12th Dec. mentions the conclusion of a treaty settling all our differences with the United States government.)

India. The Bombay mail of the 14th Nov. brings news of the death of Lord F. Fitzclarence, Commander-in-chief at Bombay.

An envoy from Kokan, and one from Dost Mohamed, have arrived at Peshawur, to ask for assistance from the English government against the Russians.

Japan. We hear from Hong Kong, Oct. 28, that Sir James Stirling has just concluded a treaty with Japan. Two ports, Nagasahi and Hakodadi, are to be opened, and Great Britain to have all the privileges that are accorded to any other nation.

in order that, by your assistance, I may take such measures as will enable me to prosecute the great war in which we are engaged with the utmost vigour and effect. This assistance I know will be readily given; for I cannot doubt that you share my conviction of the necessity of sparing no effort to augment my forces now engaged in the Crimea.