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James I. of Scotland, even if he be only the author of The King's Quair (that is, the King's quire or book), his claim to which has scarcely been disputed. It is a serious poem, of nearly 1400 lines, arranged in seven-line stanzas; the style in great part allegorical; the subject, the love of the royal poet for the lady Joanna Beaufort, whom he eventually married, and whom he is said to have first beheld walking in the garden below from the window of his prison in the Round Tower of Windsor Castle. The poem was in all probability written during his detention in England, and previous to his marriage, which took place in February 1424, a few months before his return to his native country. In the concluding stanza James makes grateful mention of his

maisters dear

Gower and Chaucer, that on the steppes sate

Of rhetorick while they were livand here,
Superlative as poets laureate,

Of morality and eloquence ornate;

and he is evidently an imitator of the great father of English poetry. The poem too must be regarded as written in English rather than in Scotch, although the difference between the two dialects, as we have seen, was not so great at this early date as it afterwards became, and although James, who was in his eleventh year when he was carried away to England in 1405 by Henry IV., may not have altogether avoided the peculiarities of his native idiom. The Quair was first published from the only manuscript (one of the Selden Collection in the Bodleian Library), by Mr. W. Tytler at Edinburgh, in 1783; there have been several editions since. Two other poems of considerable length, in a humorous style, have also been attributed to James I. -Peebles to the Play, and Christ's Kirk on the Green, both in the Scottish dialect; but they are more probably the productions of his equally gifted and equally unfortunate descendant James V. (b. 1511, d. 1542). Chalmers, however, assigns the former to James I. As for the two famous comic ballads of The Gaberlunyie Man, and the Jolly Beggar, which it has been usual among recent writers to speak of as by one or other of these kings, there seems to be no reasonable ground not even that of tradition of any antiquity-for assigning them to either.

Chaucer, we have seen, appears to have been unknown to his contemporary Barbour; but after the time of James I. the Scottish poetry for more than a century bears evident traces of the imitation of the great English master. It was a consequence

of the relative circumstances of the two countries, that, while the literature of Scotland, the poorer and ruder of the two, could exert no influence upon that of England, the literature of England could not fail powerfully to affect and modify that of its more backward neighbour. No English writer would think of studying or imitating Barbour; but every Scottish poet who arose after the fame of Chaucer had passed the border would seek, or, even if he did not seek, would still inevitably catch, some inspiration from that great example. If it could in any circumstances have happened that Chaucer should have remained unknown in Scotland, the singular fortunes of James I. were shaped as if on purpose to transfer the manner and spirit of his poetry into the literature of that country. From that time forward the native voice of the Scottish muse was mixed with this other foreign voice. One of the earliest Scottish poets after James I. is Robert Henryson, or Henderson, the author of the beautiful pastoral of Robin and Makyne, which is popularly known from having been printed by Bishop Percy in his Reliques. He has left us a continuation or supplement to Chaucer's Troilus and Creseide, which is commonly printed along with the works of that poet under the title of The Testament of Fair Creseide. All that is known of the era of Henryson is that he was alive and very old about the close of the fifteenth century. He may therefore probably have been born about the time that James I. returned from England. Henryson is also the author of a translation into English or Scottish verse of Esop's Fables, of which there is a MS. in the Harleian Collection (No. 3865), and which was printed at Edinburgh in 8vo. in 1621, under the title of The Moral Fables of Æsop the Phrygian, compyled into eloquent and ornamental meter, by Robert Henrison, schoolemaster of Dumferling. To Henryson, moreover, as has been already noticed, Mr. Laing attributes the tale of Orpheus and Eurydice contained in the collection of old poetry, entitled The Knightly Tale of Golagrus and Gawane, &c., reprinted by him in 1827.

Contemporary, too, with Henryson, if not perhaps rather before. him, was Sir John or Richard Holland. His poem entitled The Buke of the Howlat (that is, the owl), a wild and rugged effusion in alliterative metre, cannot be charged as an imitation of Chaucer, or of any other English writer of so late a date.

Another Scottish poet of this time the style and spirit as well as the subject of whose poetry must be admitted to be exclusively national is Henry the Minstrel, commonly called Blind Harry, author of the famous poem on the life and acts of Wallace. The

testimony of the historian John Major to the time at which Henry wrote is sufficiently express: "The entire book of William Wallace," he says, "Henry, who was blind from his birth, composed in the time of my infancy (meae infantiae tempore cudit), and what things used popularly to be reported wove into popular verse, in which he was skilled." Major is believed to have been born about 1469; so that Henry's poem may be assigned to the end of the third quarter of the fifteenth century. The standard edition is that published from a manuscript dated 1488 by Dr. Jamieson along with Barbour's poem, 4to. Edin. 1820. The Wallace, which is a long poem of about 12,000 decasyllabic lines, used to be a still greater favourite than was The Bruce with the author's countrymen; and Dr. Jamieson does not hesitate to place Harry as a poet before Barbour. In this judgment, however, probably few critical readers will concur, although both Warton and Ellis, without going so far, have also acknowledged in warm terms the rude force of the Blind Minstrel's genius. It may be remarked, by the way, that were it not for Major's statement, and the common epithet that has attached itself to his name, we should scarcely have supposed that the author of Wallace had been either blind from his birth or blind at all. He nowhere himself alludes to any such circumstance. His poem, besides, abounds in descriptive passages, and in allusions to natural appearances and other objects of sight: perhaps, indeed, it might be said that there is an ostentation of that kind of writing, such as we meet with also in the modern Scotch poet Blacklock's verses, and which it may be thought is not unnatural to a blind person. Nor are his apparent literary acquirements to be very easily reconciled with Major's account, who represents him as going about reciting his verses among the nobility (coram principibus), and thereby obtaining food and raiment, of which, says the historian, he was worthy (victum, et vestitum, quo dignus erat, nactus est). "He seems," as Dr. Jamieson observes, "to have been pretty well acquainted with that kind of history which was commonly read in that period." The Doctor refers to allusions which he makes in various places to the romance histories of Hector, of Alexander the Great, of Julius Cæsar, and of Charlemagne; and he conceives that his style of writing is more richly strewed with the more peculiar phraseology of the writers of romance than that of Barbour. But what is most remarkable is that he distinctly declares his poem to be throughout a translation from the Latin. The statement, which occurs toward the conclusion, seems too express and particular to be a mere imitation of the usage of the romance-writers, many of whom appeal,

but generally in very vague terms, to a Latin original for their marvels:

Of Wallace life wha has a further feel1

May show furth mair with wit and eloquence;
For I to this have done my diligence,
Efter the proof given fra the Latin book
Whilk Maister Blair in his time undertook,
In fair Latin compiled it till ane end:
With thir witness the mair is to commend.2
Bishop Sinclair than lord was of Dunkell;
He gat this book, and confirmed it himsell
For very true; therefore he had no drede ;3
Himself had seen great part of Wallace deed.
His purpose was till have sent it to Rome,
Our fader of kirk thereon to give his doom.
But Maistre Blair and als Shir Thomas Gray
Efter Wallace they lestit' mony day:
Thir twa" knew best of Gud Schir William's deed,
Fra sixteen year while nine and twenty yeid.?
In another place (Book V. v. 538 et seq.) he says:-

Maistre John Blair was oft in that message,
A worthy clerk, baith wise and right savage.
Lewits he was before in Paris town
Amang maisters in science and renown.
Wallace and he at hame in schul had been:
Soon efterwart, as verity is seen,

He was the man that principal undertook,
That first compiled in dite the Latin book
Of Wallace life, right famous in renown;
And Thomas Gray, person of Libertown.

Blind Harry's notions of the literary character are well exemplified by his phrase of a "worthy clerk, baith wise and right savage." He himself, let his scholarship have been what it may, is in spirit as thorough a Scot as if he had never heard the sound of any other than his native tongue. His gruff patriotism speaks out in his opening lines:

Our antecessors, that we sild of read,

And hold in mind their noble worthy deed,

1 Knowledge.

2 We do not profess to understand this line. Thir is Scotch for these. Mair is mar in Jamieson.

Survived (lasted).

6 Till.

8 Doubt.
5 These two.

7 Went, passed.

9 Writing.

• Dr. Jamieson's only interpretation is "allowed, left."

We lat owerslide,' through very sleuthfulness,
And casts us ever till other business.
Till honour enemies is our hail intent;
It has been seen in thir times bywent:
Our auld enemies comen of Saxons blud,
That never yet to Scotland wald do gud,
But ever on force and contrar hail their will,
How great kindness there has been kythe3 them till.
It is weil knawn on mony divers side

How they have wrought into their mighty pride
To hald Scotland at under evermair:

But God above has made their might to pair.

Of the fighting and slaying, which makes up by far the greater part of the poem, it is difficult to find a sample that is short enough for our purpose. The following is a small portion of what is called the battle of Shortwoodshaw :

On Wallace set a bicker bauld and keen;
A bow he bare was big and well beseen,

And arrows als, baith lang and sharp with aw;5
No man was there that Wallace bow might draw.
Right stark he was, and in to souer gear;
Bauldly he shot amang they' men of wer.
Ane angel heade9 to the huiks he drew
And at a shot the foremost soon he slew.
Inglis archers, that hardy war and wight,
Amang the Scots bickered with all their might;
Their aweful shot was felon10 for to bide;
Of Wallace men they woundit sore that tide;
Few of them was sicker" of archery;
Better they were, an they gat even party,
In field to bide either with swerd or spear.
Wallace perceivit his men tuk mickle deir :12

He gart1s them change, and stand nought in to stead ;14
He cast all ways to save them fra the dead.15
Full great travail upon himself tuk he;
Of Southron men feill archers he gart dee."
Of Longcashier18 bowmen was in that place
A sair archer aye waitit on Wallace,

Allow to slip out of memory. 3 Shown.

2 Whole.

It would almost seem as if we

4 Diminish, impair. 5 Dr. Jamieson's only interpretation is owe. had here the modern Scottish witha' for withall. 6 In sure warlike accoutrements.

8 War.

11 Sure.

7 These.

10 Terrible.

9 The barbed head of an arrow.
12 Took much hazard, ran much risk.

14 Stand not in their place. Perhaps it should be

one place.
17 Caused die.

15 Death.

18 Lancashire.

13 Caused.

"o stead," that is,

16 Many.

19 Skilful.

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