It is difficult to believe that the Epilogue to Troilus was written by Shakespeare; nor, in the opinion of many critics, was the Prologue, though it has several reminiscences (such as an imitator would purposely introduce) of the Prologue of Henry V. There can be no question as to the genuineness of the Epilogue to Henry V. 2. bending, i.e. under the difficulties of dramatising the story. 3. In little room; cf. Prologue I. 10—14, 19, 20. 4. Mangling by starts, i.e. marring the full greatness of their careers by giving only fragmentary glimpses of them; cf. "jumping o'er times," Prologue I. 29. by starts; cf. 'by fits and starts.' 6. This star of England; cf. Holinshed's description, "a lode-starre in honour (Extract 34, end). made, blessed, made successful; cf. 'make or mar,' 'a made man.' 7. the world's best garden; cf. v. 2. 36. achieved, won. 9. Henry VI. was born in 1421; his father died the next year. crown'd king; at Westminster in 1429, and at Paris in 1431; so that he was rather more than an "infant" at the time. See 2 Henry VI. I. I. 78-97. 13. Which oft our stage hath shown, i.e. in Henry VI. Part I deals with the "losing" of France, and Parts 2 and 3 with the Civil Wars which "made England bleed". These were much earlier plays than Henry V., and only partly the work of Shakespeare. 14. let this acceptance take, let this play, Henry V., find favour. GLOSSARY. Abbreviations : = A.S. Anglo-Saxon, i.e. English down to about the Conquest. to about 1500. = Elizabethan E.= the English of Shakespeare and his contemporaries (down to about 1650). O.F. Old French, i.e. till about 1600. F.=modern French. NOTE: In using the Glossary the student should pay very careful attention to the context in which each word occurs. abut, Prologue 1. 21; literally 'to end at,' and so 'to border on '; F. abouter, from à, 'to, at' + bout, 'an end.' accomplish; 'to fulfil, complete,' hence ‘to complete with necessary appurtenances,' i.e. 'to equip perfectly,' as in Prologue IV. 12. Dr Murray quotes Scott's Rokeby, v. iv.: "Those arms, those ensigns, borne away, Accomplish'd Rokeby's brave array." Figuratively, an accomplished man is one equipped with acquirements and gifts; Lat. ad, 'to'+complere, 'to fulfil.' achieve, III. 3. 8, IV. 3. 91, 'to win, gain'; from the notion 'to bring things successfully to a head'=O.F. achever, from Lat. ad, 'to' + caput, a head.' addressed, III. 3. 55, 'ready, prepared.' Cf. 2 Henry IV. IV. 4. 5, "Our navy is address'd, our power collected." Literally address='to make straight'; its ultimate source being Lat. directus, 'straight.' admiration, II. 2. 108, 'wonder, astonishment.' Elizabethan writers constantly use admire, and its derivatives, in the sense of Lat. admirari, 'to wonder.' Cf. Revelation xvii. 6, “And when I saw her, I wondered with great admiration"; and Paradise Lost, 11. 677, 678: "The undaunted fiend what this might be admired, Admired, not fear'd." advance, II. 2. 192, 'to raise, lift'; often used of uplifting a standard; cf. King John, 11. 207, "These flags of France, that are advanced here." So in Paradise Lost, v. 588, "Ten thousand thousand ensigns high advanced." F. avancer, to go forward,' from F. avant, 'before.' advise; often reflexive in Elizabethan E.=‘consider' (111. 6. 154), like F. s'aviser. Cf. 1 Chronicles xxi. 12, "advise thyself what word I shall bring again to him that sent me" (Revised Version "consider "). So advice (II. 2. 43)='consideration.' afeard, IV. 1. 137; used by Shakespeare afraid, but distinct; afeard being the past participle of afear, 'to frighten,' A. S. áfæran; and afraid the participle of affray, from Low Lat. exfrediare, 'to break the peace, disturb.' an. Note that—(1) an is a weakened form of and (d often drops off from the end of a word: cf. lawn=laund); (2) and='if' was a regular use till about 1600. Cf. Bacon, Essays (23), "they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their egges." The 1st Folio (1623) often has and where modern texts print an. The phrase and if (cf. Matthew xxiv. 48) or an if really='if if,' since and or an by itself expresses the condition: if was added to strengthen it. The cognate Scandinavian word enda was also used='if.' ancient, II. 1. 3; a corruption of ensign, through the similarity of their older forms. The full title was ancient-bearer; then ancient, like ensign, came to mean not only a standard,' but 'a standard-bearer.' annoy, II. 2. 102. Shakespeare always uses it in the strong sense Cf. Julius Cæsar, 1. 3. 20—22: 'to hurt, harm.' Against the Capitol I met a lion, Who glar'd upon me, and went surly by, Without annoying me." So Milton speaks of Samson's strength being given him that he might “annoy” the Philistines (Samson Agonistes, 578). Through O. F. anoi, 'vexation' (F. ennui), from Lat. in odio, as in the phrase est mihi in odio, it is odious to me.' antic, III. 2. 30, 'a buffoon, clown'; from antic (Lat. antiquus) in the sense 'odd, fantastic,' especially as said of carving and stonework. What is old (antique) often appears odd (antic) to later generations. aspect, III. I. 9. Shakespeare always accents aspect. Many words retained in Elizabethan E. the French accent derived from the original Latin words. Thus Milton wrote "By policy and long process of time" (Par. Lost, II. 297); cf. French procès, Lat. procéssus. So Shakespeare scans accéss, edict, exile, when it suits him. assay, I. 2. 151. Except in King Lear, 1. 2. 47 and Sonnet 110 Shakespeare, like Milton, uses assay, not essay. O. F. essai or assai Lat. exagium, Gk. éşáytov, 'a weighing, trial of weight.' astonish, v. 1. 36; a stronger word then, having more of its primitive sense 'to stun, strike senseless, as with a thunderbolt.' The 'Argument' of Paradise Lost, 1. describes "Satan with his Angels lying on the burning lake, thunderstruck and astonished." Formed from the older verb astony-F. étonner, Lat. extonare, 'to thunder.' attaint, Prologue IV. 39. Etymologically connected with the legal term attainder from F. attaindre, Lat. attingere, 'to reach'; but its sense in Shakespeare is nearly always that of taint, 'a stain, disgrace' (from Lat. tingere, 'to dye'). ballad, v. 2. 157, 'a song'; properly 'a song for dancing to,' the word being cognate with ball, 'a dance'; from Low Lat. ballare, 'to dance.' balm; properly the aromatic oily resin of the balsam-tree: hence any fragrant oil or ointment for anointing, or soothing pain; especially the consecrated oil used at the coronation of a monarch (IV. I. 249). bawcock, 111. 2. 24, IV. I. 44. A colloquial, rather contemptuous, term of endearment='fine fellow, good fellow,' much the same as chuck. Cf. Twelfth Night, III. 4. 125, 126, "Why, how now, my bawcock! how dost thou, chuck?" F. beau coq. be. The root be was conjugated in the present tense indicative, singular and plural, up till about the middle of the 17th century. The singular, indeed, was almost limited in Elizabethan E. to the phrase 'if thou beest"; cf. The Tempest, V. 134, "if thou be'st Prospero." For the plural, cf. Genesis xlii. 32, “We be twelve brethren.” beaver, IV. 2. 44, 'the visor of a helmet,' i.e. the movable part which came down over the face and which the wearer could lift easily when he wanted to cool himself or eat and drink. The watchmen in Hamlet say that the Ghost appeared in armour but "wore his beaver up" (1. 2. 230), so that Horatio saw the face. F. bavière, 'a bib,' also 'a visor' (shaped like a bib). Bedlam, V. I. 18, 'mad.' A Bedlam or Bedlamite was a common term for a lunatic, i.e. an inmate of the great lunatic asylum of that name (corrupted from Bethlehem). There was a set of mendicants in the 16th century known as "Bedlam beggars" because they were, or pretended to be, patients discharged from Bedlam as cured or harmless. Cf. Edgar's disguise in King Lear (11. 3. 14). bibble-babble. Cf. fiddle-faddle, tiltle-tattle, pit-pat. In each case the second half of the compound (e.g. babble) is reduplicated for emphasis, the vowel a weakening to i. bolted, II. 2. 137. To bolt (or boult) is a miller's term 'to sift meal from bran in the preparation of flour.' Cf. the figurative sense' sifted, refined' in Coriolanus III. I. 320—323: "Consider this: he has been bred i' the wars Since he could draw a sword, and is ill school'd In bolted language; meal and bran together He throws without distinction." So in Comus, 760, "I hate when vice can bolt her arguments," i.e. use subtle, refined reasoning. O.F. buleter, from an earlier form bureter, 'to sift through coarse red cloth' (Low Lat. burra). bonnet, IV. I. 201, 'a cap,' equally of men as of women; cf. Lycidas, 104, "His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge.' bootless, III. 3. 21, 'uselessly.' From boot, 'advantage, good' (A. S. bốt); the root being that which we get in better, best. Cf. 1 Henry VI. IV. 6. 52, "Then talk no more of flight, it is no boot," i.e. 'it is no good.' Common as an impersonal verb; cf. Lycidas, 64, 65: 66 'Alas! What boots it with uncessant care To tend the homely slighted shepherd's trade?" braggart, II. 1. 55. The suffix -ard, sometimes softened into -art, has a depreciative force in English as in French; cf. coward, drunkard, sluggard. Of German origin—cf. names like Eberhard—and originally intensive='hard, strong in.' broach, Prologue V. 32, 'to spit'; hence 'to pierce with a spit' (F. broche), and so 'to tap a cask,' i.e. begin drawing from it; then figuratively 'to begin,' as in 'to broach a subject.' bully, IV. 1. 48; first a term of endearment, then generally used as a |