the convolutions of the hemispheres (the hemispherical ganglia of Solly), with the cerebrum of the anatomists, which includes all the encephalon except the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and pons. The "ganglionic mass occupying the whole base of the brain" of the serjeant is evidently an imaginary representation of Dr. Carpenter's "sensorium" or "aggregate of sense ganglia." Further, Dr. Carpenter has also a drawing of the nervous system of man in the form of a naked human figure, coloured black, with limbs in suitable attitudes, on which are represented diagramatically (not anatomically) the trunks and branches of the nerves. It is a small popular cut, but it seems to have wakened up the learned serjeant's creative imagination most effectively. He has, he affirms, a strong conviction—

"That the body is shaped in precise accordance with the shape of the nerve-system and the lines of force flowing from it, and that a man is really a nerve system clothed in flesh, and not, as we are accustomed to think of him, a structure of bones and flesh permeated by nerves and shaped by some external formative force whose source and action are equally unknown to us." (vol. i, p. 25.)

Again, by a cunning trick of this imaginative energy Mr. Cox converts the doctrine of "unconscions cerebration," originally promulgated to explain table-turning, to his own uses, and quotes it in proof of his psychic force. But most curious of all as a psychological instance is the fact that Mr. Cox turns all that he reads to like uses, or else, when he cannot transmute the facts, denies them as contrary to evidence. Assuming that, being a lawyer, he is a competent judge of scientific methods, he observes:

"In the course of the composition of this little book my attention has been often and forcibly directed to the extremely unsatisfactory character of scientific evidence. To a lawyer, who has imbibed from his youth up the Principles of Evidence, and who has been trained, by experience in courts of justice, to the almost instinctive recognition of what does or does not constitute proof, there is nothing so surprising, and at the same time so vexatious, as the almost entire disregard of the plainest principles of Evidence by the votaries of Science. * * *This disregard of the most elementary rules of evidence is especially remarkable in works that treat of Physiology, Medicine, and Psychology," &c. (Preface, p. 12.)

We can judge of the serjeant's "principles" by their outcome in conclusions.

If Mr. Cox had lived in the time of Matthew Hale, like that learned judge he would have been a believer in witchcraft. Happily for him and society medicine has expelled that class of delusions from our jurisprudence, but Mr. Cox renders it clear that the forensic method of inquiry which led Chief Justice

Hale to condemn a woman for witchcraft still flourishes. The late Lord Westbury, when Lord Chancellor, expressed exactly the same legal opinions as to "facts" which we find in Mr. Cox's volume. Speaking of insanity he said, "The introduction of medical opinions and medical theories into this subject has proceeded upon the vicious principle of considering insanity as a disease, whereas the law regards it as a fact which can be ascertained by the evidence, in like manner as any other fact." In truth, the learned serjeant rides his forensic notion of what are "facts" to the death. The book is valuable as an instructive illustration of the chief cause of the law's uncertainties and delays.

The work of Mr. Woodward is one of a class very familiar to the philosophical reader. A thinker, he deals with words rather than facts, and evolves out of his thinking a mystic hypothesis of the "triune" nature of man, the three elements being Love, Reason, Man, and these words are defined in a poetical summary to be found in 'The Hermit,' a poem by the author: "God is love-author of all things;

Spirit is reason-man's intelligence;

Body is Christ-the perfectness of man."

We do not attempt to review the book, for we cannot understand it. We gather, however, that the fundamental ideas came to the author by a sudden inspiration when meditating philosophically. We learn, too, that his "conception of the triune nature of Man exactly correlates the substance of the Athanasian Creed." But although of the reflective school, Mr. Woodward, like Mr. Cox, sees the importance of sound physiological knowledge as a basis of "practical philosophy" though he has it not. And upon the whole, although we are not able to understand his views, we respect him for the tone of his work and the good objects of his philosophy.

IV. Klein's Researches on the Lymphatic System.1

THIS work constitutes an extremely valuable contribution to our knowledge of the lymphatic system. It results from a series of observations undertaken by the author originally in conjunction with Dr. Burdon-Sanderson, but subsequently continued alone, and it is published with the sanction and approval

1. The Anatomy of the Lymphatic System. By E. KLEIN, M.D., Assistant Professor at the Laboratory of the Brown Institution. I. The Serous Membranes. London, 1873.

2. Contributions to the Normal and Pathological Anatomy of the Lymphatic System of the Lungs. By E. KLEIN, M.D., &c.

3. The Lymphatic System of the Cornea. By E. KLEIN, M.D., &c.

of Mr. Simon. The present division of the subject is, it will be seen, limited to the serous membranes, and Dr. Klein treats separately-1, of the endothelium of the free surface; 2, of the cellular elements of the matrix; 3, of the distribution and relations of the lymphatics; and 4, of the blood-vessels of the serous membranes; and we shall endeavour to condense in the following pages the remarks made on each of these points.

In the first place in regard to the endothelium. In most of our text-books it is merely stated that the epithelium lining the interior of the serous membranes is of the tesselate variety, but Dr. Klein shows that in the normal condition it is not everywhere a layer of flattened, more or less hyaline cell-plates, but that it possesses in many places a different character, the individual cells being polyhedral, club-shaped, or even low columnar in form, with distinctly granular substance even in the fresh condition, and with ovoid or sometimes spherical, clear, sharply defined nuclei containing a large shining nucleolus. A portion of the fenestrated part of the fresh omentum of a fullgrown guinea-pig, cat, dog, or monkey, mounted in an indif ferent fluid, such as a one half per cent. solution of common salt, peritoneal fluid, &c., or after having been stained in one quarter or one half per cent. solution of nitrate of silver, and mounted in glycerine, frequently exhibits on the surface of the thin: trabeculæ small groups of club-shaped or polyhedral granular cells projecting from the surface, especially of the larger trabecula-like buds. These cells Dr. Klein terms germinating or young endothelium; they are raised from the general surface by means of a stalk and possess in their peripheral portion two nuclei or a nucleus in a state of division; and, further, spherical cells exactly resembling lymphoid cells are seen to be formed here, which are either simply attached to the general surface or in the act of separating from young endothelial cells. The same character is possessed by the endothelium of the surface of certain nodular or cord-like structures, which are either isolated or stand in connection with the chief trabeculæ of the fenestrated part of the omentum, in which large blood-vessels or fat are contained. In addition to the omentum the pleura mediastini of dogs, cats, and monkeys, is a very good subject for studying germinating endothelium. The trabeculæ present nodular swellings, on the surface of which is abundance of the young endothelium, and here also, from the great number of club-shaped and pedunculated, bi-nucleated endothelial cells, and from the number of spherical cells which are more or less loosely attached to the surface of the abovementioned swellings, it seems to be certain that a very abundant production of lymphoid cells is here taking place.

Similar germinating endothelium is to be found during the winter months over the trabeculae of the mesogastrium of the female frog, the cells here possessing the peculiarity of being ciliated. Mr. Francis Darwin showed Dr. Klein a preparation of the mesogastrium of the Rana temporaria in which distinct amoeboid movements were visible in the germinating endothelium; an analagous but not quite so abundant germination may be observed on the peritoneal surface of the septum cisterna lymphaticæ magnæ of the frog, especially on the endothelial cells which surround or, more correctly speaking, line the

stomata.

The germinating endothelium of the mesentery of frogs, cats, dogs, and monkeys, presents a somewhat different arrangement, for in these membranes the cells only occur in groups of less than five and for the most part of only two or three.

Besides the above-described germinating endothelium Dr. Klein states that he has found branched cells, the body of which is situated at the point of junction of a number of endothelial cells, and the processes of which stretch between the endothelial cells, so as to become identified with the sinuous contour lines of the latter brought into view by means of nitrate of silver; some of these branched cells contain a well-defined clear nucleus. In some preparations slightly stained with silver he has been able to make out with high powers that the body of these branched corpuscles lies rather deeper than the endothelium, whereas one or the other of the finely granular processes stretches itself quite superficially between the endothelial cells.

2. In regard to the cellular elements of the matrix or ground substance, Dr. Klein considers the omentum of rabbits to be best adapted for observation, as being flatter and for the most part very slightly fenestrated compared with that of the guinea-pig, dog, cat, and monkey. The rabbit should be killed by bleeding and the stomach exposed; the intestine is then pushed to the right side, and the free surface of the omentum is pencilled several times from the large curvature towards the diaphragm with a fine camel's hair pencil moistened with fluid of the abdominal cavity. After this a quarter or one half per cent. solution of nitrate of silver is allowed to flow over the omentum from a large capillary tube until the membrane has become slightly milky (one to two minutes are generally sufficient); the stomach, together with the omentum, spleen, pancreas, and a portion of the duodenum, are then cut out and transferred to a large capsule with distilled water; after some time the water is renewed and the omentum is separated under water, together with the spleen and pancreas, from the stomach, with scissors,

and is transferred to common water. water. Those portions of omentum which are seen to contain small patches are cut out and mounted. A failure, he adds, is more frequent than a success. Either the pencilling has been done too little or too much. Successful preparations become only slightly yellowish-brown, and can be preserved without alteration for a very long time. On microscopic examination of the matrix brownish patches composed of nucleated cells are seen, whilst the matrix itself is perfectly unstained. The brownish cells vary in size, but are always much larger than colourless blood-cells; their body is beset with a variable number of smaller or larger blunt or roundish prominences. Some of the cells are sharply defined, others are on one side more or less distinctly continuous with the basis on which they lie. It is clear they correspond, as regards shape, to migratory cells. Besides these cells there are to be found a limited number of small granular corpuscles with one or two small nuclei, which exactly resemble lymphoid corpuscles. The matrix proper unstained by the above procedure presents a network of a finely granular substance, which is stained slightly yellowish. This network consists of large plates connected with each other by shorter or longer tracts of different breadth. In the plate-like enlargements, of which he gives an excellent drawing, a sharply defined oblong nucleus with one or two nucleoli may be recognised, or a nucleus which has almost divided into two. It is evident from this figure that we have before us a network of branched, more or less flattened cells, which on the one hand undergo division, and on the other hand give origin to large, coarsely granular elements. If our attention be directed to a small patch which is provided with a system of capillary blood-vessels, we see that nearly the whole matrix is occupied by a network of finely granular, nucleated, branched cells, which network is in communication with the isolated branched cells of the surrounding tissue. In other parts lacunæ communicating by canaliculi, and containing branched cells and lymphoid corpuscles, may be seen, which constitute the well-known lymph-canalicular system of Recklinghausen.

In regard, therefore, to the cellular elements of the matrix of the omentum, Dr. Klein takes the same view of them as Rollett does of those of the cornea. In both cases the branched cells are more or less flattened parallel to the surface, and in both cases the lymph-canalicular system corresponds to those cells. In the omentum as well as in the cornea the migratory cells are always found in the lymph-canalicular system. There cannot, he thinks, be the slightest doubt about the cellular elements of the matrix being more or less flattened, branched,