she was bonded to land the paroled prisoners, her captain promising to put into no nearer port than Fortress Monroe, but he steered directly for N. Y. and gave the alarm. The Chickamauga ran up to the entrance of L. I. Sound, and off Block Island took and scuttled the schooners Otter Rock and Good Speed. A gale frustrated Capt. Wilkinson's intention of making an incursion upon the ports of the Sound, and going out to sea he captured the bark Speedwell. He put into St. George's, Bermuda, and by having the condenser conveniently disabled obtained permission from the authorities to remain a week for repair. Under the neutrality laws, then being strictly enforced, he was allowed only enough coal to take the ship to the nearest Confederate port; but by offering the British customs officer all the alcoholic load that his hold could contain, he was made oblivious to the fact that the Chickamauga's bunkers were being pretty well filled up with coal. The supply was still too short to admit of further cruising, and the ship ran the blockade back into Wilmington, thus closing her history as a belligerent upon the high seas. In the defence of Fort Fisher her officers and crew took a very prominent and distinguished part. After that disaster the Chickamauga was taken up the river, and burnt and sunk.

THE SHENANDOAH.-The last of the Confederate cruisers, and the one that, with the exception of the Alabama, inflicted the largest total of injury upon the commerce of the United States, was the Shenandoah, which was purchased by Capt. Bulloch to supply the place of the vessel sunk by the Kearsarge. She was originally the British merchant steamer Sea King, equipped with a lifting screw so as to be used under sail alone and was fully rigged as a ship, and was very fast under either sail or steam. The whaling fleets of the United States were the largest portion of its commerce remaining, and this cruiser was especially fitted out to swoop down upon them. Bulloch paid £45,000 for the ship, buying her through the medium of an English merchant captain named Corbett, who was to transfer her upon the high seas. At the same time he purchased the blockade-runner Laurel and loaded her at Liverpool with the guns, stores, etc., for the cruiser, and the Laurel also carried out to the rendezvous all the officers except Lieut. Whittle, who went in the Sea King to make himself acquainted with her. She sailed from London and the Laurel from Liverpool on Oct. 8th, 1864. The Sea King was cleared for Bombay or any port in the East Indies, and the Laurel for Nassau. On the 18th they rendezvoused off Funchal, Madeira, and proceeded to Las Desertas, an uninhabited island near by, and in two days the armament and war material were transferred to the Sea King; Capt. James I. Waddell hoisted her new colors and took command of her as the Confederate States man-of-war Shenandoah. The battery placed on board consisted of four 8-inch smooth-bore guns, two Whitworth 32-pounder rifles and two 12-pounders. The most seri

ous obstacle that met the ship at the outset of her career was the paucity of her crew. Eighty seamen had shipped for the pretended voyage to the East Indies, and but twenty-three consented to remain under the Confederate flag; so that, including her nineteen commissioned and warrant officers, the ship had but forty-two men on board; but the crew was soon brought up to the requisite number by enlistments from the prizes she took. The roster of officers was as follows:

"Lieut. Commanding James Iredell Waddell;1 First Lieuts., Wm. C. Whittle, John Grimball, S. Smith Lee, Jr., Francis T. Chew; Second Lieut., Dabney M. Scales; Acting Master, J. S. Bulloch; Acting Chief Eng., Mat. O'Brien; Passed Assist. Surgeon, C. E. Lining; Acting Assist. Paymaster, W. Breedlove Smith; Passed Midshipmen, Ö. A. Browne; John T. Mason; Acting Assist. Surgeon, F. J. McNulty; Engineers - First Assist., W. H. Codd; Second Assist., John Hutchinson; Third Assist., Ernest Muggaffeney; Acting Master's Mates, C. E. Hunt, J. T. Minor, Lodge Colton; Acting Boatswain, Geo. Harwood; Acting Carpenter, J. O'Shea; Acting Gunner, J. L. Guy; Sailmaker, Henry Alcott; Second Carpenter, J. Lynch.

Capt. Waddell steered for Australia, and before arriving at Melbourne, Jan. 25th, 1865, made prizes of the barks Alina, Godfrey, Edward, and Delphine; schooners Charter Oak and Lizzie M. Stacey, and brig Susan, all of which were burned. The steamer Kate Prince was ransomed, to take home the prisoners, and the bark Adelaide was bonded. At Melbourne, the Shenandoah was permitted to go into a private dock for repairs, and then trouble with the colonial authorities arose, on an allegation that Capt. Waddell had shipped a British subject in the port, in violation of the Foreign Enlistment Act. He refused to allow his ship to be searched, and his assurances that he had committed no breach of neutrality were accepted. The Shenandoah left Melbourne Feb. 8th, 1865, in excellent condition, and in three months passed from that far southern latitude to the beginning of her destructive work among the whalers in the Okhotsk Sea, Behring's Sea, and the Arctic Ocean. Between June 22d and the 28th she captured, and either destroyed or ransomed, 24 ships. They were taken in couplets, triplets and quartets, and it was necessary to release and bond four of them, in order to get rid of the numerous prisoners. The earliest prizes were the Edward

1 Capt. Waddell was born in Pittsboro', N. C., in 1824, and was appointed midshipman in the U. S. naval service on Sept. 10th, 1841. He was assigned to duty on the U. S. ship Pennsylvania, at Portsmouth, Va. A few months after he entered upon the discharge of his duties he was shot in the hip in a duel with another midshipman, which caused him to limp to the day of his death. After several years of sea service, during which he was promoted to lieutenant, he was, in 1858, made assistant professor of navigation at the naval academy at Annapolis. 1859 he was ordered to the East India squadron, and in 1861, when the war broke out, mailed his resignation from St. Helena. His reason for resigning was given by him in a letter published by him in Jan. 1862, as owing to his "unwillingness to bear arms against his father's home and relatives in the seceded States." He declared explicitly that he had no property in the seceded

In

States, that he was not hostile to the Constitution of the United States; that he venerated the flag and wished that he might hazard life and limb in its defence against some foreign foe. It has been said that one of the causes of his resignation was that he was engaged to be married to Miss Iglehart, the daughter of James Iglehart, of Annapolis, whose family was strongly inclined to the South. He married this lady in Dec. 1861. His resiguation at the breaking out of the war was not accepted, and he stands on the U. S. navy register of 1862 as "dismissed." In Feb., 1862, he ran the blockade to Richmond and entered the Confederate navy. His commission as first lieut. bears date March 27th, 1862. He was assigned to duty at Drewry's Bluff defences. Subsequently he had a command in Charleston harbor, from which he was assigned to "special service," and in 1864 ran the blockade to take command of the C. S. privateer Shenandoah,

Casey, Hector, Abigail, Euphrates, Wm. Thompson, Sophia Thornton, Jireh Swift, Susan and Abigail, and Milo, the latter being sent to San Francisco, with the prisoners. In the next batch were the Nassau, Brunswick, Hillman, Waverly, Martha 2d, Congress 2d, Favorite, Covington, James Maury and Nile. The two last-named were converted into cartels, and took the prisoners to San Francisco, and the others were burned. On one occasion eight prizes were taken in a lump, as they had gathered around the disabled ship Brunswick, and when the octette was fired, that hyperborean sea was lit up with a wondrous mass of fire. This occurred on June 28th, near the mouth of Behring's Straits, and comprised the last war exploit of the Shenandoah. She captured in all 38 ships, 34 of which were destroyed, and four ransomed; their total value was stated by the masters at $1,361,983. Waddell had faithfully executed the programme of obliterating the American whaling industry in those regions.

It will be seen that many of his captures were effected after the close of the war, and in consequence, Secretary Welles accused him of continuing his belligerent operations when he knew that the armies of the South had surrendered. That malicious charge has been easily and completely refuted. From prizes taken on June 23d, he received papers containing the correspondence of the preceding April, between Grant and Lee, relative to the surrender of the latter; but they also informed him that the seat of the Confederate government had been removed from Richmond to Danville, and that Pres. Davis had issued a proclamation giving assurances of the continuation of the struggle by the Confederacy. With his knowledge of the condition of things in America thus limited, Capt. Waddell had no right to suppose that the war had ended, or to cease his hostile endeavors. The Shenandoah came out of the Straits on June 29th, and while running towards the California coast spoke, on Aug. 2d, the British bark Baracouta, 14 days out from San Francisco, from whose captain Waddell learned of the capture of Pres. Davis, and the capitulation of the remaining military forces of the Confederacy. The Shenandoah's guns were at once dismounted, ports closed, funnels whitewashed, and the ship transformed, so far as external appearance went, into an ordinary merchantman. Waddell decided to give the ship up to the British authorities, and brought her into Liverpool on Nov. 6th, not a vessel having been spoken during the long voyage from the North Pacific. He turned her over to Capt. Paynter, commanding her Majesty's ship Donegal, who placed a prize-crew on board, and Waddell communicated with Lord Russell, British Secretary for Foreign Affairs. In this letter he stated his opinion that the vessel should revert, with other property of the Confederacy, to the U. S. government, and that point was quickly settled; but Mr. Adams raised the usual question of "piracy against the officers and men of the ship, and there was also a

liability to proceedings under the Foreign Enlistment Act, if British subjects could be found on board. Mr. Adams wanted the officers and crew held, he said, until he could procure evidence from San Francisco, that Capt. Waddell knew of the downfall of the Confederacy before his latest seizures of American vessels; but the law officers of the crown decided that there was no evidence to justify their detention. On Nov. 8th, Capt. Paynter had the roll of the Shenandoah called upon her deck, and as not a member of the ship's company acknowledged to being a subject of Great Britain, they were discharged, and allowed to depart. Mr. Adams, however, continued to urge the arrest of Capt. Waddell, on charges of piracy; and when rebuffed by the British government, he brought forward an affidavit made by one Temple, who purported to have sailed in the Shenandoah. He alleged that the crew were chiefly British subjects, and Mr. Adams claimed that they should have been held for violation of the Foreign Enlistment Act, but nothing came of his efforts; and he was, indeed, chiefly prompted by a motive to make up the record that was subsequently presented to the Geneva tribunal. Capt. Waddell and his officers were never molested. The Shenandoah was sold by the U. S. to the Sultan of Zanzibar, and in 1879 was lost in the Indian Ocean.

BRAINE'S CAPTURE OF THE CHESAPEAKE AND ROANOKE. Before daylight on the morning of Dec. 7th, 1863, while the steamship Chesapeake, Capt. Willetts, was off Cape Cod on her regular trip between N. Y. and Portland, Me., she was seized by John C. Braine, purporting to be a lieutenant of the C. S. navy, and fifteen men; who had come on board the ship at N. Y. as passengers. In the struggle the second engineer was shot dead, and the first mate wounded. To Capt. Willetts Braine exhibited an order from John Parker, captain of the C. S. steamer Retribution (whose true name was V. G. Locke), instructing him to capture the vessel, and naming as his assisting officers First Lieut. H. A. Parr, Second Lieut. D. Collins, and Sailing Master Geo. Rowson. Braine headed the vessel for the island of Grand Menan, off the coast of Maine, where he expected to meet Parker. The latter, however, who had left the Retribution at Nassau, some months previously, was encountered on a pilot-boat in the Bay of Fundy, and assumed command of the Chesapeake, sending Capt. Willetts and the passengers and crew of the steamer to St. Johns by the pilot-boat. The Chesapeake made for Shelburne, N. S., to coal, and from thence went to La Havre River, where Parker sold her cargo of provisions and liquors to the people on shore. A half-dozen Federal cruisers had been sent after the Chesapeake, and one of them, the Ella and Annie, came up with her in Sambro harbor, near Halifax. Parker and his party escaped to the shore, leaving on the steamer only her former engineer, whom they had impressed into their service, and a couple of her hands. Lying near her was the British schooner Investigator, on board of which the commander of