Vide secret committee re

ports.

Vide select

committee reports, 1781.

India. The allies, dependents, and subjects of the Company were everywhere oppressed; dis sensions in the supreme council prevailed, and continued for the greater part of that time; the contests between the civil and judicial powers threatened that issue, to which they came at last, an armed resistance to the authority of the king's court of justice; the orders, which by an act of parliament the servants were bound to obey, were avowedly, and on principle, contemned; until at length the fatal effects of accumulated misdemeanours abroad, and neglects at home, broke out in the alarming manner, which your committee have so fully reported to this House.

Proceedings in India not

liament.

In all this time the true state of the several presidencies, and the real conduct of the British known to par- government towards the natives, was not at all known to parliament: it seems to have been very imperfectly known even to ministers. Indeed, it required an unbroken attention, and much comparison of facts and reasonings, to form a true judgment on that difficult and complicated system of politics, revenue, and commerce, whilst affairs were only in their progress to that state, which produced the present inquiries. Therefore, whilst the causes of their ruin were in the height of their operation, both the Company and the natives were understood by the public as in circumstances the most assured, and most flourishing. Insomuch that, whenever the affairs of India were brought before parliament, as they were two or three times during that period, the only subject-matter of discussion, anywise important, was concerning the sums, which might be taken. out of the Company's surplus profits for the advantage of the state. Little was thought of but the disengagement of the Company from their debts in England, and to prevent the servants abroad from drawing upon them, so as that body might be enabled, without exciting clamours here, to afford the contribution that was demanded. All descriptions of persons, either here or in India, looking solely to appearances at home, the reputation of the directors depended on the keeping the Company's sales in a situation to support the dividend: that of the ministers depended on the most

lucrative bargains for the exchequer; and that of the servants abroad on the largest investments; until at length there is great reason to apprehend, that, unless some very substantial reform takes place in the management of the Company's affairs, nothing will be left for investment, for dividend, or for bargain; and India, instead of a resource to the public, may itself come, in no great length of time, to be reckoned amongst the public burthens.

In this manner the inspection of the ministers of the crown, the great cementing regulation of the whole act of 1773, has, along with all the others, entirely failed in its effects.

Inspection of

ministers has

failed in effect.

act.

Your committee, in observing on the failure of this act, do not consider the intrinsic defects Failure in the or mistakes in the law itself, as the sole cause of its miscarriage. The general policy of the nation with regard to this object has been, they conceive, erroneous; and no remedy by laws under the prevalence of that policy can be effectual. Before any remedial law can have its just operation, the affairs of India must be restored to their natural order. The prosperity of the natives must be previously secured, before any profit from them whatsoever is attempted. For as long as a system prevails, which regards the transmission of great wealth to this country, either for the Company or the state, as its principal end, so long will it be impossible, that those, who are the instruments of that scheme, should not be actuated by the same spirit for their own private purposes. It will be worse: they will support the injuries done to the natives for their selfish ends by new injuries done in favour of those, before whom they are to account. It is not reasonably to be expected, that a public, rapacious and improvident, should be served by any of its subordinates with disinterestedness or foresight.

II.-CONNEXION OF GREAT BRITAIN WITH INDIA.

In order to open more fully the tendency of the policy, which has hitherto prevailed, and that the House may be enabled in any regulations, which may be made, to follow the tracks of the abuse, and to apply an appropriated remedy to a particular distemper; your committee think it expedient to

consider, in some detail, the manner in which India is connected with this kingdom: which is the second head of their plan.

The two great links, by which this connexion is maintained, are, first, the East-India Company's commerce; and next, the government set over the natives by that Company, and by the crown. The first of these principles of connexion, namely, the East-India Company's trade, is to be first considered, not only as it operates by itself, but as having a powerful influence over the general policy and the particular measures of the Company's government. Your committee apprehend, that the present state, nature, and tendency of this trade, are not generally understood.

Trade to India formerly car

Until the acquisition of great territorial reve nues by the East-India Company, the trade with ried on chiefly India was carried on upon the common princiin silver. ples of commerce, namely, by sending out such commodities as found a demand in the India market, and, where that demand was not adequate to the reciprocal call of the European market for Indian goods, by a large annual exportation of treasure, chiefly in silver. In some years that export has been as high as six hundred and eighty thousand pounds sterling. The other European companies, trading to India, traded thither on the same footing. Their export of bullion was probably larger in proportion to the total of their commerce; as their commerce itself bore a much larger proportion to the British than it does at this time, or has done for many years past. But stating it to be equal to the British, the whole of the silver sent annually from Europe into Hindostan could not fall very short of twelve or thirteen hundred thousand pounds a year. This influx of money, poured into India by an emulation of all the commercial nations of Europe, encouraged industry, and promoted cultivation in a high degree, notwithstanding the frequent wars with which that country was harassed, and the vices which existed in its internal government. On the other hand, the export of so much silver was sometimes a subject of grudging and uneasiness in Europe; and a commerce, carried on through such a medium, to many appeared in speculation of doubtful advantage. But the practical de mands of commerce bore down those speculative objections.

The East-India commodities were so essential for animating all other branches of trade, and for completing the commercial circle, that all nations contended for it with the greatest avidity. The English Company flourished under this exportation for a very long series of years. The nation was considerably benefited both in trade and in revenue; and the dividends of the proprietors were often high, and always sufficient to keep up the credit of the Company's stock in heart and vigour.

How trade

carried on

since.

But at, or very soon after, the acquisition of the territorial revenues to the English Company, the period of which may be reckoned as completed about the year 1765, a very great revolution took place in commerce as well as in dominion; and it was a revolution, which affected the trade of Hindostan with all other European nations, as well as with that in whose favour and by whose power it was accomplished. From that time bullion was no longer regularly exported by the English East-India Company to Bengal, or any part of Hindostan ; and it was soon exported in much smaller quantities by any other nation. A new way of supplying the market of Europe, by means of the British power and influence, was invented; a species of trade, (if such it may be called,) by which it is absolutely impossible that India should not be radically and irretrievably ruined, although our possessions there were to be ordered and governed upon principles diametrically opposite to those, which now prevail in the system and practice of the British Company's administra

tion.

Investments.

A certain portion of the revenues of Bengal has been, for many years, set apart to be employed in the purchase of goods for exportation to England, and this is called the Investment. The greatness of this Investment has been the standard, by which the merit of the Company's principal servants has been too generally estimated; and this main cause of the impoverishment of India has been generally taken as a measure of its wealth and prosperity. Numerous fleets of large ships, loaded with the most valuable commodities of the East, annually arriving in England, in a constant and increasing succession, imposed upon the public eye, and naturally gave rise to an opicion

of the happy condition and growing opulence of a country, whose surplus productions occupied so vast a space in the commercial world. This export from India seemed to imply also a reciprocal supply, by which the trading capital employed in those productions was continually strengthened and enlarged. But the payment of a tribute, and not a beneficial commerce to that country, wore this specious and delusive appearance.

Increase of

The fame of a great territorial revenue, exaggerated, as is usual in such cases, beyond even expenses. its value, and the abundant fortunes of the Company's officers, military and civil, which flowed into Europe with a full tide, raised in the proprietors of East-India stock a premature desire of partaking with their servants in the fruits of that splendid adventure. Government also thought they could not be too early in their claims for a share of what they considered themselves as entitled to in every foreign acquisition made by the power of this kingdom, through whatever hands, or by whatever means, it was made. These two parties, after some struggle, came to an agreement to divide between them the profits, which their speculation proposed to realize in England from the territorial revenue in Bengal. About two hundred thousand pounds were added to the annual dividends of the proprietors. Four hundred thousand were given to the state; which, added to the old dividend, brought a constant charge upon the mixt interest of Indian trade and revenue of eight hundred thousand pounds a year; this was to be provided for at all events.

By that vast demand on the territorial fund the correctives and qualifications, which might have been gradually applied to the abuses in Indian commerce and government, were rendered extremely difficult.

The practice of an investment from the revenue Progress of began in the year 1776, before arrangements were investments. made for securing and appropriating an assured fund for that purpose in the treasury, and for diffusing it from thence upon the manufactures of the country in a just proportion, and in the proper season. There was indeed, for a short time, a surplus of cash in the treasury. It was in some shape to be sent home to its owners. To send it out in silver was subject to two manifest inconveniencies.—