ness.

difference of opinion resulted many disputes which continued till 1533, when Paulus Manutius, then only twenty-one years of age, re-opened the office, which had been shut during the year 1529, and from that period, showed a superiority which announced his future greatHe conducted the office in the name and for the advantage of the united heirs of Aldus and of Andreas, "In aedibus haeredum Aldi et Andreae Asulani soceri," but this union of interests did not long continue. The quarrels of the two families subsided only for a short time; they were renewed in 1587, and the Aldine press was again unemployed during this and the two following years. At length, in 1510, the partnership was dissolved, and the business resumed in the name of the sons of Aldus, "Aldi filii.”

Paulus Manutius who was now become the principal of the house, diligently endeavoured to follow the glorious steps of his father, and from this period, all his time was employed in literary or typographical labours The publication of unedited Greek books was nearly exhausted, he therefore occupied himself with Latin literature, and his numerous reprints always contained either some amelioration in the text, or some additional notes, remarks, and indexes, the great utility of which he had experienced, An enthusiastic admirer of the works of Cicero, he earnestly applied himself to form his style on that of this excellent writer; and his letters and Latin prefaces are entitled to the first rank amongst those written in that language since the revival of letters. The first book which he printed was one written by this father of eloquence, who engaged all his thoughts,

"Ciceronis libri Oratorii, 1533. 4to."

From the example of his father, Paulus Manutius strove to obtain the assistance of eminently learned men. G. B. Egnatio, G. P. Valeriano, Lazzaro Bonamico, Ben. Lampridio, and other persons equally skilful, renewed in his house the good times of Aldus; and from the first establishment of Paulus Manutius, the Aldine editions re-, gained that superiority which Aldus had given them, whilst the advice and frequent intercourse of so many learned men, formed his taste, proved a continua! source of instruction, and laid the foundation of his success both as an editor and a printer.

In the year 1533, and the fol lowing he published a great num ber of Latin and Italian editions, all of which are acknowledged to be excellent. His first Greek edition was that of Themistius, which was soon succeeded by Isocrates and Aetius Amidenus; these are all well exccuted, and prove his perfect knowledge of that language.

In the following year 1535, he was called to Rome where he formed a friendship with Marcello Cervino, who was afterwards pope under the title of Marcellus II. and with Bern. Maffei. His friendship with Annib Caro, may also be considered as commencing at this period. On returning to his own country, he resumed the employ ment of an editor, and pursued his literary labours with such assiduity that in 1556, he informs G. Salva by a letter, that during twenty years he had not suffered a day to pass without having written some thing in Latin.

Though almost entirely occupied with literature, his office and do

mestic

mestic concerns, he was very far, from being opulent; he therefore undertook the education of twelve young noblemen, whose names are unknown; but it is probable that in the number were included Math. Senarega, the translator of the letters to Atticus, who is mentioned in his preface to Ep. Famil. as having been received into his house, instructed in literature and in the study of eloquence; also Paul Contarini, to whom he writes; "Mecum in iisdem acdibus per trip ennium fere vixisti; qui quicquid es, de meorurn consiolorum praeceptorumque forte fluxisti: cujus a lande mea laus quodammodo pendet " The probable reason of his styling this society of young men an academy, was in imitation of that which his father had founded, and from the desire of renewing that assembly of learned men, who so zealously assisted Aldus in his difierent Greek and Latin editions. At the end of three years, in 1538, having resigned the cares of tuition, and perhaps wearied by the cavils of his uncles, Paulus Manutius again quitted Venice, and passed some time in searching ancient libraries, with the intention of collecting materials, and procuring ssistance for his future editions. He passed several months in the library of the Franciscans at Cesena, and engaged in comparing the excellent manuscripts which had been left to that convent by Malatesta Novello. About this time, two professorships of eloquence were offered him; that of Venice, filled by his friend J. G. Egnatio, whose age prevented his longer fulfilment of its duties and that of Padua vacant by the death of Bonamico; but his ill state of health, and also his great attachment to the profession which had so

eminently distinguished his father, determined him to refuse these offers, by accepting which, he might so easily have rendered himself famous, and induced him to profer the laborious employment which had hitheto engaged his attention.

The editions continued rapidly to suceed cach other; Virgil, Petrarch, the best modern authors, and above all Cicero, were objects of his uninterrupted labours In 1516, he married Margherita Odini, the daughter of Girolamo and the sise ter of Carlo and Rinaldo. The latter was an ecclesiastic of some celebrity, who wrote a philosophical discourse on the immortality of the soul, which was printed by Paulus Manutius in 1357, 4to. Some disagreement had subsisted between these two brothers, which was amicably terminated through the kindness and friendly mediation of Paulus Manutius, who equally esteemed them both.

The first child of Paulus Manutius was Aldus, horn in the month of February 1517. He gave his child this name, from a tender re. spect for the memory of the elder Aldus, and hoping, at some future time, to impress on the mind of his son the great exertions which that name required of him. He had also other children; Girolamo, who died in 1559, aged nine years, at Ragusa, where he had been entrusted to the care of Paul Bosio; and a daughter whom he mentions several times in his letters, and who married in 1573.

Among other pursuits which engaged his attention, the study of antiquities ought to be mentioned as being intimately connected with the knowledge and understanding of ancient authors. One of his first literary projects was a Tract on Roman Antiquities.

Paulus

which this press required, he received in March 1561, letters from Cardinal Seripandi, who in formed him of the earnest desire of Pope Pius IV. to have the sacred volumes and the works, of the fathers published with care and exactness, vel hominum incuria, vel improbitate corruptos:" also that his holiness, looking towards him, invited him to undertake this important concern. The project was not a new one. Since the year 1539, two learned Cardinals, Marcello Cervino and Aless. Farnese, had conceived the idea of establishing at Rome a magnificent press; they had chosen Antonio Blado of Asola, to superintend it, who was come to Venice to obtain from Paulus Manutius founts of his beautiful letter

The conditions which were proposed to Paulus Manutius by the sovereign pontiff, were equally advantageous and honourable. He could not, however, immediately determine to accept then, since nothing had been further from his intentions, than to abandon his country, his family, and favourite studies. After some hesitation, however, he accepted the proposition of the pope, upon the conditions mentioned by Cardinal Seripandi. The expences of his journey and of the removal of the printing utensils were to be defrayed by his holiness, and, according to Zeno, his annual salary was to be about 600 crowns, though accord. ing to one of his own letters only 500. He repaired to Rome about the month of August 1561. The first publications from this new press were to be the Bible in Latin, and the works of St. Cyprian: but from numerous obstacles they were delayed; the latter did not appear till 1563, and the Bible at the end

of twenty-eight years, in 1590. Paulus Manutius opened the press by a small work written by Cardinal Polo, "De Concilio, et de Reformatione Angliae," 1562, 4to. which is now very scarce, Several other works of little importance succeeded this volume, till 1564, when he appears to have kept his press constantly employed. The edition of St. Cyprian was executed with the attention it deserved; several excellent manuscripts were sought and carefully consulted; and many important unpublished pieces were printed with it. He likewise undertook to translate into. better Latin the Catechism of the Council of Trent; the doctrinal parts of which had been at first entrusted to three theologians. He printed it in 1565, folio, and seve ral times afterwards in 8vo. and 4to. both at Rome and at Venice. Many excellent editions successively occupied his presses, the Epistles of Jerome, Salvinius, and some other works. These continued labours were suitably rewarded. During the life of Paul IV. Manuus had no absolute reason to complain; if he was not enabled to enrich himself, he could at least comfortably support his family but, after the death of this pontiff, his situation was exceedingly dis tressing he found considerable difficulty in obtaining his salary; his health being much impaired, increased his afflictions, and made him wish to return to his own country. At length in September 1570, after having passed nine years at Rome, where he had surmounted many difficulties and suffered many anxieties, without reaping any advantage, he quitted that city. During his continuance at Rome his press at Venice was not unemployed. Many editions were

annually

annually published, among which were several of his own; and latterly it had been conducted by Aldus, his son, with an attention far beyond his years.

Having at length quitted Rome, after an illness of nine months, and ardently desiring the restoration of his health, Paulus Manutius did not engage in the cares of his office. but sought that repose in the country, which he so much needed. He first retired to Piove del Sacco; and in October 1571, he resolved to make an excursion in Italy. He visited Genoa, Reggio, and Milan, where he passed the winter in the society of Bart. Capra, and of Ottaviano Ferrari, to whom he was united by the ties of friendship. Though his health was impaired he could not renounce his former studies, and the time which was not passed with his two friends, was devoted to his Commentary on the Orations of Cicero. In May 1572, he returned to Venice, which he soon quitted for Rome, for the purpose of bringing home his daughter, but where he was induced again to stay by the liberality of Gregory XIII Surrounded by his books, and finding in the midst of a populous city all the advantages of solitude, he there continued his commentary, and suffered no abatement of his studies, but that which his constant state of ill health required In three months he completed his commentaries on six orations; those for Ligarius and Dejotarius afterwards engaged his attention. The commentary upon the oration for Archias, was printed separately at Rome, apud Josephum de Angelis, 1572, with a preface by Paulus Manutius inscribed to G. Boncompagno.

In February 1573, his daughter married a young man of good fa

mily, who had gained some repu. tation in the profession of the law, Paulus Manutius had now appe rently only to enjoy the repose which he had so long desired. Kindly received and greatly esteemed in the first city in the world, then the centre and the seat of learn ing, having only his favourite stu dies and his friends to engage his thoughts, residing with his son-inlaw and his daughter, whom hẹ tenderly loved, nothing was wanting to complete his felicity but the certainty of a continuance for some years of this kind of life, so suita, ble to his inclinations. This happiness was denied; from the month of September 1573, the year of his daughter's marriage, his health evidently declined. Three months after he thought himself better; but great weakness remained, and a violent head-ache, which at times deprived him of the use of speech. Different remedies were applied, but his illness increased so rapidly, that he died April 6, 1573. He was interred in the church of the Domonicians. He had lived sixty-one years, nine months, and twenty-one days. He expired in the arms of his son, who on the first intimation of his fathers alarming state had quitted Venice with the hope of returning with him to that city, where he would be enabled to pay him the necessary attentions; but he only arrived in time to receive his last breath.

Such were the life and death of Paulus Manutius, the honour of his family and of his art; universally regretted, because he was universally esteemed. He was in great favour with the rich and pow erful, but derived very little benefit from their patronago, of which however, during his whole life, he received continual assurances.

His