It is curious that presently, though from present, has ceased to refer to the present, and now refers to time shortly to come. 2. Adverbs of Time Past.-Already, just now, lately, recently, yesterday, formerly, anciently, once, heretofore, hitherto, since, till now, long ago. 3. Adverbs of Time to Come.-To-morrow, hereafter, henceforth, henceforward, by-and-by, soon, ere long, shortly. afterward. 4. Adverbs of Time Relative.-When, then, first, before, just now, after, while, meanwhile, seasonably, betimes, early, late, whenever, 5. Adverbs of Time Absolute.-Always, ever, aye, never, eternally, for ever, evermore, endlessly, everlastingly. 6. Adverbs of Time Repeated.-Oft, often, again, occasionally, frequently, sometimes, seldom, rarely, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, annually, once, twice, thrice, three times. Adverbs of manner may be placed in these categories; namely: 1. Adverbs of Time Present.-Now, to-day, now-a-days, yet, instantly, supplied to the body, and from it are built up all the various immediately, straightway, directly, forthwith. and different parts of which that body is composed. From the blood is made alike the solid bone and the liquid milk, the hard, horny structure of the nail, and the soft, yielding flesh and fat; without its presence the heart would cease to beat, the eye to see, the ear to hear, or the brain to think and will. Very slight alteration in one of its many constituents is sufficient at once to disturb the balance of health, or even to destroy life itself. Whenever blood can be examined flowing in the vessels of a living animal, as in the web of a frog's foot, the tails of some fish, or the wing of a bat, which are all sufficiently transparent to allow the process to be observed, it appears to be a colourless fluid, in which are floating a quantity of two kinds of cells, or corpuscles, some of which are white, but a much larger number red. When, however, the blood is drawn from the body it presents a very different appearance; if coming from an artery, it is a thickish fluid, of a bright scarlet colour; when from a vein, the colour is purple or nearly black. As compared with water, the blood is considerably heavier, its ordinary specific gravity-water being taken as 1000-is 1055, but in disease it may rise as high as 1120, or sink as low as 1026. The ordinary temperature of the blood in health is about 100 degrees Fahrenheit, and this is pretty uniform throughout the body, though it is said that the blood in the left side of the heart is one or two degrees higher than that in the right. The influence of disease is very strongly manifested in its power to diminish or increase the normal temperature of the blood; thus in some fevers it rises to 104 or even 108, and in some exhausting diseases falls to 86, or even lower. The blood is always alkaline in its reaction, and when exposed to the air gives off a watery vapour, which is said to have an odour strongly resembling the smell of the breath or skin of the animal, so that it is possible by it to distinguish from what particular animal it is derived. The milky smell of the cow, and the strong smell of the cat, are very well defined. 1. Manner from Quality.-Well, ill, wisely, foolishly, justly, wickedly. 2. Affirmation or Negation.-Yea, nay, yes, no, not, nowise, nohow, verily, truly, indeed, surely, certainly, doubtless, undoubtedly, assuredly, forsooth (that is, for truth, equal to "indeed!"-used ironically). amen. 3. Doubt or Uncertainty.-Haply (by hap, that is, by chance), perhaps, possibly, perchance, peradventure, maybe. 4. Manner generally taken. Thus, so, how, somehow, nohow, any how, however, howsoever, else, otherwise, across, together, apart, asunder, namely, particularly, necessarily, extempore (off hand, without the aid of a manuscript), headlong, lengthways. There are many adverbial phrases, such as not at all, in no way, by no means, in fine, etc. These may be considered as forming adverbial compounds. Indeed, compound adverbs might be termed adverbial phrases. The following may also be conveniently ranked among adverbial phrases: not a rush ("I care not a rush "), not a groat, post (he travels post). Adverbs are occasionally employed with the force of nouns ; for example: "Shall I tell you why? Aye, sir, and wherefore, for they say every why hath a wherefore."-Shakespeare. Adverbs are found where adjectives would be used, if adjectives of the requisite kind existed. Thus we say "the present bishop of London," also a former bishop and a future bishop; but we have no adjective to characterise a bishop as being a bishop at a particular point of time past, and so we say "the then bishop;" the licence may be considerable, but it prevents an awkward circumlocution: for example:"The then bishop of London, Dr. Laud, attended on his Majesty." -Clarendon. Adverbs are sometimes superseded by adjectives; thus we say, speak low, look sweet, drink deep, run quick, rise early, go to bed late, cut short, look clean, deal hard, scarce seven. In some instances, however, the adjective retains its own power, and expresses a meaning different from that which would ensue from the corresponding adverb. Thus : Adjective. She looks sweet. Adverb.-She looks sweetly. These two forms vary in meaning; the first signifies that she is not only sweet, but looks so; the second means that whether she is sweet or not, she throws out a sweet look. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY.-VII. CIRCULATION. HAVING in the last paper traced the products of digestion into the general circulation of the body, we have now to consider, under the present heading, the ultimate purpose those products serve in building up and renewing the various parts of that structure. To do this, we must try and understand what is meant by the term circulation; and, on examining this function, we find that there are three parts necessary for us to consider; first, the circulating fluid (the blood); secondly, the circulatory apparatus (the heart and blood-vessels); and, lastly, the act itself. Taking them in this order, we must first examine into the nature and composition of the blood. We are told, on the highest authority, that the blood is the life, and the important duties it fulfils in the animal economy almost entitle it to that appellation, for it is the medium by which all the nutriment is As to the quantity of blood contained in the body, considerable disagreement still exists, the most generally received opinion being that it forms about one-fourteenth of the weight of the whole body. It has been said that the blood in the living vessels appears to be a clear fluid holding in suspension a number of two kinds of cells. The liquid is known by the name of the liquor sanguinis, and the cells are called respectively the white and red corpuscles of the blood; but when blood is exposed to the action of the air, certain changes take place which constitute a rough analysis of it, and reveal the presence of another and most important constituent. About ten minutes after blood has been drawn from the body, if left at rest, it changes into a kind of semi-solid or jelly. This is due to a substance contained in the liquor sanguinis, which continues fluid so long as the blood is in contact with the living tissues, but spontaneously coagulates when removed from their influence; this substance is called fibrine, and is a modification of albumen, the chemical composition of each being almost identical; some time after this jelly or clot has been formed, if left exposed to the air and at rest, it contracts and squeezes out a clear yellowish fluid, in which it eventually floats. The fluid is the serum of the blood; the clot is formed of the two kinds of corpuscles, entangled by the coagulating fibrine. What this process of coagulation signifies has been much debated, and directly opposite opinions have been held by eminent physiologists; for whilst on the one hand it was considered to be a process of life-an upward step towards a higher organisation-on the other, it was believed to be a sign of death of the structure, the effect of its removal from the living tissues. The grounds upon which the first opinion was based were mainly that in the clot formed by the coagulating fibrine distinct traces of structure were apparent, very much resembling those seen in the process of reparation which takes place in the living body when a wounded part is healing; whilst in albumen coagulated by heat or chemical agency, no evidence of such change is ever observed. The latter opinion is the one most generally held, as it is universally found that in any case where vital energy is deficient, the blood has a greater tendency to coagulate; thus, when blood-letting was extensively used in medical practice, it was noticed that the blood last drawn coagulated in a less time than that which was obtained by the first bleeding. The red corpuscles of the human blood are by some considered to be circular flattened cells, composed of a delicate colourless membrane enclosing a coloured substance which appears to be uniform in composition, having no nucleus. Others believe them to be solid masses"lumps of nutriment"-having no cell-wall. In size they vary from the to of an inch in diameter. Their presence is characteristic of the Vertebrata, as they do not occur in the blood of any animals not included in that division. Their proportion to the white seems to vary according to the degree of the organisation of the animal. Thus, in man and the higher animals, they are from 20 to 300 times as numerous; in the fish and reptile they are comparatively few in number, though even here they always exceed the white. Those of the class Mammalia differ from those of the fish and bird in having no nuclei, and also in shape, the latter being, as a rule, oval or elliptical. The mammals also differ in some degree in size from each other; and upon these differences it has occasionally been attempted to base a judgment as to the particular animal from which the blood was derived; but though by the aid of the microscope it is possible to say, with some certainty, as to whether the blood is that of a mammal, or that of a bird or fish, this appears to be the limit; the differences in the size of the corpuscles are neither sufficiently great nor constant to decide positively whether they are those of a man, a pig, or a cow. The white corpuscle is larger than the red, being about of an inch in diameter, and is spherical in shape; they have a tuberculated surface, and are of a greyish-pearly appearance; they are made up of a cell-wall, enclosing a white-looking substance, which has one or more nuclei. The serum of the blood, the liquid which remains after the coagulation of the fibrine, is an alkaline, slimy, viscid fluid of a yellowish or greenish colour. It consists of a large number of substances dissolved in water; its largest solid constituent is albumen, which is present to the extent of about 8 per cent. The presence of this element may be made manifest by heating the serum, when the albumen coagulates into a solid mass. The liquid which remains uncoagulated is called the serosity. When meat is cooked for eating, the serum of the blood is converted into solid albumen, and this, when cut, allows the serosity to escape in the shape of gravy. elements, because upon its presence in proper proportions depends the maintenance of the due viscidity of the blood, and the power to absorb the nutritive elements from the digested food. The fibrine is a very important substance, and in health is present to the amount of 2 to 3 parts in 1,000; but in all diseases of a low type it is diminished, and in some of the opposite character it is increased. The red corpuscles consist, as is indicated in Table I., of two distinct constituents: the one called crystalline or globuline, which forms the bulk of the whole, is one of the albuminous group of substances; the other, called hæmatine, is distinguished from all other animal substances by its peculiar red colour, and the large proportion of iron which it contains. The fatty matters vary much in quantity, being increased soon after a meal is taken if it contains fatty, starchy, or saccharine substances. As has been already stated, the sources from which the blood is renewed are the chyle and lymph, which are poured into the circulation by the thoracic duct. The lymph and chyle corpuscles are probably identical with the white corpuscles of the blood, and the red is believed to be formed from the white-the cellwall becoming gradually smooth and the nuclei vanishing, whilst the whole cell assumes the red colour of the completed corpuscle. The fibrine makes its appearance in the chyle almost coincidently with the corpuscles, but does not appear to have its full power of coagulating till it reaches the completed blood. We pass on now to consider the second division of this function of circulation, the organs by which it is carried out; these are the heart and the blood-vessels, consisting of THE ORGANS OF CIRCULATION. arteries, capillaries, and veins. The heart is a hollow muscular organ of a conical form, placed between the two lungs, and enclosed in the pericardium; its position in the chest is oblique; its broad end or base, which is placed highest in the chest, is directed upwards and backwards to the right, the point or apex is directed forwards and to the left side; the heart is placed between the lower two-thirds of the sternum, and projects more to the left than it does to the right, extending about three inches from the median line in the former direction, and only an inch and a half in the latter. Anteriorly, it is rounded and convex, whilst its posterior surface is flattened and rests on the diaphragm. Its ordinary size in the adult is about five inches in length, three inches and a half in breadth at its broadest part, and two inches Such, then, being the principal parts of the blood, we must now examine a little its chemical composition. For this purpose two tables are given, the first showing in slight detail the various chemical substances found in the blood, and and a half in thickness; its weight is from ten to twelve the other the proportion of its ultimate elements. ounces in men, and from eight to ten in women; it continues to increase in size up to an advanced period in life. The pericardium in which the heart is enclosed is one of the serous membranes, and is consequently a closed sac consisting of two layers, between which is a small quantity of fluid, to enable the surfaces to glide easily over each other; the pericardium at its lower surface is firmly attached to the diaphragm, and serves to support the heart in its place, and facilitates its various movements. When the heart is laid open, it is seen that it is composed of four chambers, divided into a right and left set by a longitudinal muscular septum which runs the whole length of the organ, so that the right set is completely cut off from those of the opposite side. The upper pair of these cavities are called the auricles; the lower pair the ventricles. The auricles, which are much smaller than the ventricles, are the chambers which receive the blood; into the right ones open the large veins which bring the used blood back to the heart from all parts of the body; into the left, the pulmonary veins, which convey the blood after it ha passed through the lungs. The ventricles are the chambers which by their contraction drive the blood out, the right sending the blood which it receives from the right auricle into the pulmonary artery, to be by it conveyed to the lungs, and there exposed to the action of the air; the left pumping the aërated blood sent into it by its auricle into the great blood-vessel, the aorta, to be distributed to all parts of the body. The inside of the heart is, like the outside, covered by a serous membrane-in this instance called the endocardium, which, by its thin smooth transparency, gives to the inside of the heart its glistening appearance; this membrane, at the various apertures in the different cavities of the heart, is arranged in folds, which, with the addition of some muscular fibres and fibrous tissue, compose the valves which protect these openings. From the inner surface of the walls of the heart jut out irregular masses of muscular fibre, many of which stand out like columns or pillars, and are thence called "columnæ carnea" (fleshy columns). From the free extremities of some of these, cords run to the under-surface of the valves, and act as check-strings, preventing them being forced too far backwards by the pressure of the blood. Into the right auricle, as has been said, the used blood is emptied by two large veins named respectively the superior and inferior cava; it is rather larger than the left auricle, and is situated at the base of the right ventricle, forming a part of the anterior surface of the heart; it communicates with its ventricle by a large oval aperture, which is protected on the ventricular side by one of the valves before-mentioned, called, on account of its being composed of three segments or cusps, the tricuspid valve. The spot where the inferior cava enters is also protected by a valve. The right ventricle is triangular in form, and forms the greater part of the anterior surface of the heart; it has opening into it the pulmonary artery, which is guarded by a set of valves, called from their shape the semi-lunar. The left auricle is thicker but rather smaller than the right; it receives the pulmonary veins, which are four in number, and communicates, by an opening similar to the one on the right side, with the left ventricle. The left ventricle is conical in shape, is longer, and its walls are much thicker than those of the right; it forms the posterior surface, and in consequence of its greater length the apex of the heart: the opening into it from the auricle is guarded by the mitral valve, which consists of two segments, but is larger, thicker, and stronger than the one on the opposite side; from the upper and back part of it springs the great main trunk, the aorta, the large vessel which conveys the blood for the use of the whole body. The heart, in common with all other organs that have important duties to fulfil, has special vessels to supply it with nutritive blood; these are called the coronary arteries, and are nearly the first branches given off from the aorta. It also is abundantly supplied with nerves, which it derives mainly, though not entirely, from the sympathetic system. Such, then, being the engine by which the blood is put in motion, we must now consider the channels through which it travels. The blood-vessels are divided into three sets: the arteries, which are the vessels carrying the blood from the heart; the veins, which return the blood to the heart; and an intermediate set, the capillaries, which form the connection between the arteries and the veins. The arteries are cylindrical tubular vessels, owing their name to an ancient opinion, which was based on the fact that they are found empty after death, and were consequently supposed to contain air (aer, air; terein, to contain). They have three coats; the external, called also the elastic, is a membrane of great strength and elasticity; the middle or muscular coat is thick, composed of several layers of muscular and clastic tissue, which form a firm, solid, but rather brittle membrane; the internal, or serous, is a thin, nearly transparent membrane, moistened, as its name implies, by a serous fluid. The effect of these differences in the constitution of the coats of arteries is manifested when an artery is cut off by a ligature as in surgical operations, or torn through as in an injury. In either case the external coat shows the purpose for which it is made of so great strength and elasticity. In the case of the ligature, the internal and middle coats are at once cut through, but the external coat bears the pressure, and thus enables a permanent healing of the wound and closure of the vessels to take place before it separates. Also, when a limb is torn off, the artery, in common with the other structures, is forcibly lacerated, the inner and middle coats give way at once and retract, the external coat is pulled out to a fine point before it divides, and thus shuts off the channel of the vessel, and prevents that profuse bleeding which without this provision would otherwise take place. LESSONS IN BOOKKEEPING.-XXIX. MEMORANDA OF THE TRANSACTIONS OF MESSRS. EVANS AND HAYWARD, TEA, COFFEE, AND SUGAR 186. MERCHANTS (concluded). March 3-Received Cash on acc. from Marchmont and Co., £98 4s. 6d. ; Bill No. 36 from do., due 17 March, for balance of acc. Received Cash from F. Nicholls, Atkins and Fry, and L. F. Tyler and Sou. Paid Wages, £5. W. Collins and E. George, Travelling Expenses, £7 78. each. March 5.-Received Cash from Jenkins Bros. and Osmond and Co. = Received Cash for Bills Nos. 17 and 26. Sold to Clayton and Co., Tea Congou, good, 5 chests =400 lbs., @ 1s. 6d. ; Sugar: W. India, 2 tierces == 16 cwt., @ 39s. 6d. Sold to Owen and Co, Tea Congou, finest, 5 chests = 400 lbs., @2s. 54d.; Souchong, 5 chests =400 lbs., @2s. 4d.; Hyson, 5 chests = 350 lbs., @ 2s. 14d.; Gunpowder, 10 chests 800 lbs., @2s. 8d. (Less 2 t for cash in a fortnight). Bought of Durrant and Co., Tea: Congou, good, 50 chests = 4,000 lbs., @ 1s. 54d.; Congou, finest, 50 chests= 4,000 lbs., @ 2s. 34d.; Souchong, 50 chests = 4,000 Hes., @2s. 2d.; Hyson, 30 chests=2,100 lbs., @1s. 11d. (Less 2). Bought of J. Allport, Tea: Gunpowder, 75 chests = 6,000 lbs., @ 2s. 5d. (Less 2 %). Bought of Bayley and Co., Coffee: Mocha, ungarbled, 30 bales 60 cwt., @ 71s. 3d.; Costa Rica, 30 bales = 45 cwt., @ 60s. Bought of J. Gilbertson, Coffee: Bio, 43 Robins 60 cwt., @ 36s. 6d.; Mocha, garbled, 30 bales = 45 cwt., @ 90s. (Less 2 %). March 6.-Paid Bills Nos. 2 and 4. Received Cash for Bill No. 18; and Cash from E. Davey. Accepted Bills: Nos. 21, 22, and 23, drawn by Durrant and Co., due @ 1, 2, and 3 months for one-third of amount of acc. each; No. 24, drawn by J. Allport, due @ 4 months; No. 25, drawn by Bayley and Co., due @ 3 mos.; No. 20, drawn by J. Gilbertson, due @ 2 mos. March 7.-Received Cash for Bill No. 33. Sold to H. Meredith, Tea: Congou, good, 5 chests 400 lbs., @1s. 7d.; Hyson, 3 chests = 210 lbs., @2s. 1d. Sold to Atkins and Fry, Coffee: Jamaica, good, 2 tierces 14 cwt., @ 85s. 6d.; Costa Rica, 10 bags: = 15 cwt., @ 688. Sold to Fox and Co., Coffee: Jamaica, fine, 3 tierces 21 cwt., @110s. 3d.; Mocha, garbled, 10 bales = 15 cwt., @ 978. 3d. Sold to C. Maunder, Sugar: W. India, 2 tierces = 16 cwt., @ 40s. 3d.; Brazil, 1 hhd. 15 cwt. @ 30s. 3d.; Bengal, 1 hhd. March 8.-Received Bills: No. 37, from Atkins and Fry, due 21 Mar.; 18 cwt., @44s. (Less 24% for Cash). Received Cash same time. No. 38, from Fox and Co., due 28 Mar. March 9.-Received Cash for Bill No. 31. Sold per E. Hodgson, Coffee, per Neptune, 30 tierces 210 cwt., @ 120s. His brokerage on do., at 1%. Sold to A. Ledbrooke, Tea: Congou, finest, 10 chests=800 lbs., @ 28. 54d.; Souchong, 10 chests = 800 lbs., @ 28. 31d.; Coffee: Mocha, ungarbled, 10 bales =20 cwt., @ 80s. Sold to Winter and Co., Coffee: Rio, 10 Robins = 15 cwt., @ March 10.-Drew Bill No. 39 on A. Ledbrooke, due @ 1 mo. 458. 3d.; Tea: Gunpowder, 10 chests 800 lbs., @2s. 6d. Drew Received Cash for out of Cash: Petty Cash, £10; J. Hayward, Private acc., £20; J. Evans, Private acc., £20. Paid Wages, £5. W. Collins and E. George, Travelling Expenses, £7 78. each. March 12.-Received Cash from Owen and Co. Bill No. 21. Paid Bill No. 6. Sold to L. F. Tyler and Son, Tea: Congou, good, 20 chests 1,600 lbs., @ls. 6d. Sold to Smith and Brown, Tea: Hyson, 5 chests = 350 lbs., @2s. 04d.; Coffee: Jamaica, good, 2 tierces = 14 cwt., @ 85s. 9d.; Costa Rica, 10 bags 15 cwt., @ 67s. 10d. Sold to Osmond and Co., Coffee: Mocha, garbled, 10 bales 15 cwt., @ 97s. 6d.; Jamaica, fine, 1 tierce 7 cwt., @ 110s. 6d. Sold to North and Co., Sugar: W. India, 1 tierce = 8 cwt., @ 40s.; Brazil, 1 hhd. 15 cwt., @30s.; Bengal, 1 hhd. = 18 cwt., @ 43s. 9d. = = March 13.-Drew Bills: No. 40, on Osmond and Co., due @ 1 mo; Mocha, ungarbled, 10 15 cwt., @ 44s. 94. ; March 15.-Sold to Edwards and Co., Coffee: bales =20 cwt., @ 798.; Rio, 10 Robins Jamaica, fine, 1 tierce = 7 cwt., @ 110s. 9d. Bought of Wingram and Co., Sugar: W. India, 13 tierces 104 cwt.. @ 31s. 6d.; Brazil, 7 hhds. 105 cwt., @ 19s. 9d. (Less 2% for Cash). Bought of Reed and Co., Sugar: Bengal, 7 hhds. = 126 cwt., @ 34s. 6d. (Less 24% for Cash in a fortnight). Bought of H. Bateman and Son, Coffee: Jamaica, fine, 10 tierces 70 cwt., @1028. (Less 2 %). 23. March 16.-Paid Wingram and Co. Accepted Bill No. 27, drawn by H. Bateman and Son, due @ 2 mos. Received Cash for Bill No. Received Cash from Winter and Co. Sold to Kebble and Williams, Coffee: Jamaica, good, 1 tierce = 7 cwt., @@ 86s.; Costa Rica, 10 bags: = 15 cwt., @ 678. 6d.; Mocha, garbled, 10 bales = 15 cwt., @ 97s. 3d. March 17-Drew Bill No. 43 on Kebble and Williams, due @ 1 mo. Received Cash for Bills Nos. 24 and 36. Received Cash from Duncan and Forbes. Sold to Dean and Son, Tea: Congon, good, 20 chests 1,600 lbs., @ 1s. 64d.; Congou, finest, 5 chests= lbs., @2s. 5d.; Hyson, 5 chests 350 lbs., @2s. 1d. Sold to Allatson and Co., Tea: Gunpowder, 20 chests = 1,600 lbs., 2s. 6d.; Souchong, 10 chests 800 lbs., @2s. 3d. Sold to Mears and Fry, Sugar: W. India, 2 tierces 16 cwt., @39s. 3d.; Brazil, 1 hhd. 15 cwt., @ 28s.; Bengal, 1 hhd. = 18 cwt., @ 43s. 6d. Paid Bill No. 9. Paid Wages, £5. W. Collins and E. George, Travelling Expenses, £7 7s. each. March 19.-Received Bills: No. 44, from Dean and Son, due 26 Mar.'; No. 45, from Mears and Fry, due 28 Mar. Drew Bill No. 46 on Allatson and Co., due @ 1 mo. Received Cash from Clayton and Co. and Owen and Co. Sold to Tucker and Co., Tea: Gunpowder, 10 chests = 800 lbs., @2s. 6d. Received Cash same time. Sold to H. Rossiter, Coffee: Mocha, ungarbled, 5 bales 10 cwt., @ 79s. 3d.; Rio, 10 Robins = 15 cwt., @ 44s. 6d.; Jamaica, fine, 2 tierces === 14 cwt., @110s. Bought of J. Vavasseur, Tea: Cougou, good, 50 chests = 4,000 lbs., @1s. 5d. Bought of J. Gilbertson, Coffee: Jamaica, good, 10 tierces 70 cwt., @ 788.; Costa Rica, 40 bags: 60 cwt., @ 60s.; Mocha, garbled, 40 bales = 60 cwt., @ 90s. (Less 23% for Cash in a month). March 20.-Accepted Bill No. 28, drawn by J. Vavasseur, due at 2 mos. Paid J. Gilbertson and H. Bateman and Son their invoices of 20 Feb. Sold to F. Notley, Tea: Congou, good, 10 chests = 800 lbs., @1s. 63d.; Congou, finest, 5 chests 400 lbs., @2s. 5d. Sold to Freeman and Dale, Coffee: Jamaica, good, 2 tierces 14 cwt..@ 868.; Costa Rica, 10 bags = 15 cwt., @67s.; Mocha, garbled, 10 bales 15 cwt., @ 978. Sold to Mitchins and Co., Sugar: W. India, 2 tierces 28s. 3d.; Bengal, 1 hhd. = 18 cwt., @43s. March 21.-Drew Bills: No. 47 on Freeman and Dale, due @ 1mo.; No. 48, on Mitchins and Co., due @ 1 mo. Received Cash for Bill No. 37, and Cash from J. Tilley. Sold to Fox and Co., Tea: Souchong, 10 chests=800 lbs., @2s. 3d.; Hyson, 10 chests=700 lbs., @ 28. Sold to A. Ledbrooke, Tea: Gunpowder, 20 chests= 1,600 Ibs., @2s. 6d. Sold to G. Kennett, Coffee: Mocha, ungarbled, 5 bales 10 cwt., @ 79s.; Rio, 10 Robins 15 cwt., @ 45s.; Jamaica, fine, 2 tierces 14 cwt., @ 110s. 3d. Sold to Wardlaw Bill No. 54 on Lumley and Co., due @ 1 mo. and Co., Tea: Congou, good, 10 chests = 800 lbs., @ 1s. 6d. ; Gunpowder, 5 chests 400 lbs., @2s. 6d. Bought of J. Vavasseur, Tea: Souchong, 25 chests = 2,000 lbs., @ 2s. 2d. (Less 24%). March 30.-Received Cash from Day and Co. Sold to Edwards and Co., Coffee: Jamaica, good, 2 tierces 14 cwt., @@ 85s.; Mocha, ungarbled, 5 bales 10 cwt., @79s. 3d.; Costa Rica, 5 bags = 7 cwt., @ 66s. 6d. Sold to Thompson and Co., Coffee: Rio, 5 Robins =7cwt., @ 45s.; Mocha, garbled, 5 bales = 7 cwt., @97s. 6d. ; Jamaica, fine, 2 tierces 14 cwt., @110s. 3d. Received Cash from Smith and Brown. = March 31.-Received Cash from Wardlaw and Co. and Fox and Co., and Cash for Bills Nos. 34 and 35. Sold to Pickford and Greene, Sugar: W. India, 2 tierces 16 cwt., @ 399. Sold to L. F. Tyler and Son, Sugar: Brazil, 1 hhd. 15 cwt., @28s. Sold to Clayton and Co., Sugar: Bengal, 1 hhd. 18 cwt., @@ 43s. Paid Wages, £5. W. Collins and E. George, Travelling Expenses, £7 7s. each, and Salaries, £60. Made up acc. of Petty Cash for Quarter ending 31 March, £46 4s. 7d. Received in Cash from City Bank Interest on our deposits. Valued Stock at Prime Cost and balanced books. OUR HOLIDAY. CHESS. 16 cwt., @39s.; Brazil, 1 hhd. = 15 cwt., @OUR holiday papers have hitherto been devoted to active bodily recreations, chiefly out-door; but, inasmuch as weather and other considerations occasionally render a pastime of different character acceptable, we will provide for the wants of our readers by devoting two or three papers to Chess. This is the most intellectual of games, and possesses high recommendations to the student, from its capability of assisting mental training while affording an intensely interesting amusement. The praises of Chess have often been repeated by poet and prose writer, but have never been more aptly expressed than by Benjamin Franklin, in his essay on "The Morals of Chess," from which we quote the following passage:— March 22.-Drew Bills: No. 49, on A. Ledbrooke, due @ 1 mo.; No. 50, on G. Kennett, due @ 1 mo. Paid Freight of Sugar, per the Comet, £81 3s. 2d.; Paid Duties and Fees on do., £283 10s. Paid Dock Dues, etc., on do., £25 17s. 3d. March 23.-Received Cash from E. Hodgson for Coffee sold at Public Auction, March 9, less his brokerage on do. Received Cash from L. F. Tyler and Son. Sold to H. Paton, Tea: Congou, good, 20 chests = 1,600 lbs., @ is. 6d.; Gunpowder, 5 chests 400 lbs., @ 2s. 6d. Sold to Lockley and Fife, Coffee: Jamaica, good, 2 tierces = 14 cwt., @ 85s. 6d. ; Costa Rica, 10 bags = 15 cwt., @ 66s. 6d. ; Mocha, garbled, 10 bales = 15 o vt., @ 98s. Sold to Atkins and Fry, Sugar: W. India, 2 tierces 16 cwt., @39s.; Brazil, 1 hhd. = 15 cwt., @ 28s. 3d.; Bengal, 1 hhd. = 18 cwt., @ 43s. 3d. (Less 14% for Cash). March 24.-Received Cash from Atkins and Fry. = Drew Bill No. 51 on H. Paton, due @ 1 mo. Received Cash for Bills Nos. 27 and 28. Drew out of Cash: Petty Cash, £10; J. Evans, Private acc., £20; J. Hayward, Private acc., £20. Paid Wages, £5. W. Collins and E. George, Travelling Expenses, £7 7s. each. March 26.-Made up the Account Sales of Coffee per the Neptune. Our Commission 2% on gross amount. Received Cash for Bill No. 44. Paid Gibson and Milner £50 for one quarter's rent of Counting-house and Warehouse. Effected an Insurance in the Sun Fire Insurance Office on Stock, Fixtures, etc., on £4,000; Premium, £12; Duty, £3. One year, to Lady-day, 186. Sold to Wheatley and Co., Tea: Congou, finest, 10 chests=800 lbs., @ 2s. 44d.; Hyson, 7 chests=490 lbs., @ 2s. 1d. Bought of J. Allport, Tea: Gunpowder, 30 chests 2,400 lbs., @ 2s. 5d.; Hyson, 15 chests=1,050 lbs., @ 1s. 11d. (Less 24% for Cash). Bought of Bayley and Co., Coffee: Mocha, ungarbled, 20 bales= 40 cwt., @718.; Rio, 20 Robins = 30 cwt., @ 36s. 3d. (Less 2% for Cash). Paid Rates and Taxes, £6 13s. 4d. March 27.-Paid J. Allport and Bayley and Co. Received Cash from Wheatley and Co., and H. Rossiter. Received Cash for Bills Nos. 20 and 30. Sold to E. Davey, Tea: Congou, good, 10 chests= = 800 lbs., @ 1s. 6d.; Souchong, 10 chests=800 lbs., @2s. 3d.; Gunpowder, 5 chests = 400 lbs., @2s. 6d. Sold to Gilfillan and Co., Coffee: Jamaica, good, 2 tierces = 14 cwt., @ 85s. 9d.; Mocha, ungarbled, 5 bales = 10 cwt., @ 79s.; Costa Rica, 5 bags = 7 cwt., @67s.; Rio, 5 Robins = 74 cwt., @ 45%. Sold to Rabbit and Son, Coffee: Mocha, garbled, 5 bales = 74 cwt., @ 98s. ; Jamaica, fine, 2 tierces 14 cwt., @110s. 6d. Received Cash same time. Sold to Day and Co., Sugar: W. India, 2 tierces = 16 cwt., @ 398.; Brazil, 1 hhd=15 cwt., @ 28s.; Bengal, 1 hhd. = 18 cwt., @ 43s. March 23.-Drew Bills: No. 52, on E. Davey, due @ 1 mo.; No. 53, on Gilfillan and Co., due @ 1 mo. Received Cash for Bills Nos. 38 and 45, and Cash from Lockley and Fife. Sold to Lumley and Co., Tea: Congou, finest, 5 chests =400 lbs., @2s. 44d.; Hyson, 10 chests = 700 lbs., @ 2s.; Gunpowder, 10 chests=800 lbs., @ March 29.-Received Cash from F. Notley. Paid Reed and Co. Drew 2s. 6d. "The game of chess is not merely an idle amusement. Several very valuable qualities of the mind, useful in the course of human life, are to be acquired or strengthened by it, so as to become habits, ready on all occasions. For life is a kind of chess, in which we have points to gain, and competitors or adversaries to contend with, and in which there is a variety of good and ill events, that are, in some degree, the effects of prudence or the want of it. By playing at Chess, then, we learn:-1, Foresight, which looks a little into futurity, considers the consequences that may attend an action; for it is continually occurring to the player, 'If I move this piece, what will be the advantage of my new situation ? What use can my adversary make of it to annoy me? What other moves can I make to support it, and to defend myself from his attacks?' 2, Circumspection, which surveys the whole chessboard, or scene of action, the relations of the several pieces and situations, the dangers they are respectively exposed to, the several possibilities of their aiding each other, the probabilities that the adversary may take this or that move, and attack this or the other piece, and what different means can be used to avoid his stroke, or turn its consequences against him. 3, Caution, not to make our moves too hastily. This habit is best acquired by observing strictly the laws of the game, such as, If you touch a piece, you must move it somewhere; if you set it down, you must let it stand;' and it is therefore best that these rules should be observed, as the game more becomes the image of human life, and particularly of war. And lastly, we learn by Chess the habit of not being discouraged by present bad appearances in the state of our affairs, the habit of hoping for a favourable change, and that of persevering in the search of resources." The origin of the game which possesses such striking merits cannot now be traced. All that is certain is that it was known in Hindostan, where it appears to have been invented, many centuries before the Christian era. From the East it was brought by the Arabs into Spain, whence it spread throughout Europe, and was known in England before the Norman Conquest. The present form of the game was of gradual growth, but has remained unaltered for centuries. The Chess-board and Men.-The board upon which the game is played is divided into sixty-four squares, of light and dark colours alternately, and the pieces belonging to the two players are ranged on opposite sides, filling two rows, or sixteen squares in all. Four rows of squares in the centre of the board are thus left unoccupied at the commencement of the game, and in these rows the early manoeuvres of the pieces take place. The proper position of the board, with a white or light-coloured square to the right hand of each layer, and the arrangement of the men, are shown in Fig. 1. The various pieces here represented are known by the following names. Each player has A King, also repre- A Queen, also repre- Two Rooks, or Castles, The duplicate pieces on the right and on the left of the player are distinguished from each other by being named after the King or the Queen respectively, as they occupy at starting the King's or the Queen's side of the board. Thus, the Bishop next the King is called the King's Bishop (abbreviated to K B), then King's Knight (K Kt), and King's Rook (K R). Next the Queen is Queen's Bishop (Q B), then Queen's Knight (Q Kt), and Queen's Rook (QR). Whatever may be the afterpositions of these pieces, they retain their original designations. The Pawns are distinguished at the outset by the names of the pieces in front of which they stand-King's Pawn (K P), King's Bishop's Pawn (K B P), etc. But they lose their original designations when they become transferred to another file on the board. The straight rows of squares in front of the players are called files, the rows across from side to side are termed lines, and the rows which pass obliquely from side to side are known as diagonals. The men are of two colours, usually black and white, or red and white, one player taking the dark and the other the light set; but in description they are always known as black and white respectively, and the players are distinguished by these names in Chess notation. Two Bishops, also re presented by B. Two Knights, also represented by Kt. Eight Pawns, also represented by P. when out in open play it has four lines of movement. The Rook ranks next to the Queen in value. The Bishop moves diagonally only, but backward or forward, over any number of unoccupied squares of the same colour as that on which he was placed originally. It will be seen, by referring to the diagram of the position of the pieces, that each player thus has one Bishop moving along white and another upon dark diagonals. The Bishop is next in value to the Rook. BLACK. The move of the Knight is the most difficult of comprehension to the learner. It passes over two squares in a straight line to one at right angles; or, to employ another definition of the movement, supposing you have before you a parallelogram of six squares of the chess-board, the Knight may move from one corner obliquely to the other. It always moves to a square of different colour to that on which it was standing; and, when in the centre of the board, it commands eight squares. To make its movements clear, we will take a portion of the chess-board, with a Knight in the centre, and show by figures the various squares, to either of which the Knight may be played (Fig. 2). The Knight is the only piece which possesses the power of leaping over others in its progress from square to square. This power enables it to be moved at the first move of the game, which no other piece can be, as the pathway of all others is obstructed by the Pawns. Fig. 2. THE MOVE OF THE KNIGHT. WHITE. BLACK, Fig. 3.-TAKING PAWN EN PASSANT. All pieces take in the direction of their moves; that is, they have the power to capture any opposing piece, the King excepted, which may stand in their way. The capture is per formed by lifting the opponent's piece from the square on which it stood, and setting your own down in its place. With the Pawn it is different. The Pawn is moved forward in a straight line, one square only at a time, except at the outset, when the player has the option of playing it two squares. But the Pawn takes diagonally, either to the right or the left of the square on which it stands, but commanding one square only in either direction. When the Pawn reaches the last line of squares on the board, it may be exchanged for any pieco the player who owns it may desire. This privilege is of very great importance in the game, for the least valuable of the pieces may thus be transformed into a Queen, and gain an easy victory in Moves of the Pieces.-The moves of the various pieces differ widely, but for the most part may be easily understood by the learner. In order to follow our explanation, he should place the board before him, clear of men, and put each piece alluded | what was before a critical contest. A player is entitled to to in the centre, that he may see at a glance its peculiar claim a Queen for his Pawn, even should he have another already on the board. powers. The King can only move one square at a time (except in castling); but this may be in any direction, provided that square is not already occupied, or that by moving there he would not place himself in check. The meaning of this word will be afterwards explained with the other terms used in the game. When in the centre of the board, therefore, the King has command over eight different squares. The Queen has greater powers of movement than any other of the pieces, and consequently is by far the most valuable of them all. She may be moved anywhere in a straight line, either backward, forward, or sideways, and also diagonally, so long as the squares over which she passes are unoccupied. The Queen combines the powers of the Rook and of the Bishop. The Rook may be moved over any number of squares in a straight line either way. In its original position at the corner of the board, its powers are exerted in two directions only, but One other peculiarity in connection with the moves of the Pawn remains to be explained. If, when moving it for the first time, you play it two squares, and the adversary has a Pawn so placed as to command the square over which you have leaped, he may take your Pawn with his own, placing the latter on the square leaped over. This is called " taking the Pawn en passant," or in passing. It is optional with the opponent to take your Pawn or not, as he may see fit. Fig. 3 will make the movement clear to the reader. Here, Black having a Pawn which has not yet been played, and attempting to exercise the ordinary privilege of moving it two squares, is liable, from the position of White's Pawn, to have it captured (en passant), just as if he had moved it one square only. A Pawn can be taken in this way only by another Pawn, no piece possessing a similar power. Some practical examples of Chess-play will be given here after. |