answer that it is not persuasion but persuasion by speech which is the end of rhetoric. In the absence of any indication of origin, we must regard Phryne with Philo as part of the common store of illustrations. Philodemus quotes several arguments which appear in none of our other authors. They are of little interest or importance; none of them can be traced to a source, and they can best be classed with that mass of arguments which Quintilian assigns without distinction to Critolaus, Athenodorus and the other philosophic opponents of rhetoric.1 15 Both Quintilian and Philodemus devote sections of their discussion to proofs that rhetoric is an art. In a way this division of the discussion into refutation and confirmation is artificial, for most of the arguments in favor of rhetoric have been exhausted in replying to the attacks of its enemies. In fact it is hardly conceivable that any rhetorician was ever concerned to prove that he possessed an art until the philosophers began to question his position. Consequently all the pleas for rhetoric are colored more or less by the criticisms of it. For example Quintilian undertakes to show that rhetoric conforms to all definitions of art. It has "method," it is based on a body of perceptions applied to the attainment of a useful end, it involves investigation and practice. But all these definitions were formulated for controversial purposes if not for the express purpose of excluding rhetoric. It has been shown how Sextus employed the Stoic definition to refute the claims of rhetoric, and the same argument has undoubtedly been used before. Philodemus carries the debate one step further than Quintilian, for while the latter aims to prove that rhetoric is an art, Philodemus is equally interested in refuting arguments pro and con; for his position is that all theories of rhetoric whether advanced by rhetorician or philosopher are false except those proposed by his group in the Epicurean sect. There is one line of thought which perhaps deserves more than cursory attention, as its course can be traced with some distinctness. That is the relation of rhetoric to dialectic. Aristotle had said that rhetoric was the counterpart of dialectic, and made the grouping, σvàλoycoμós évθύμημα, ἐπαγωγή παράδειγμα. The same idea underlies Zeno's 15 They are Suppl. 12, 6; 13, 5; 13, 21; 14, 10; II, 83, fr. VII. example; closing his fist and then opening it he said the first was dialectic, the second, rhetoric (Sextus, 7; Orator, 32, 113, and elsewhere). Quintilian, however, seems to have been the first to revert to the argument from the similarity of the two subjects, that if dialectic is an art, as all acknowledge, then rhetoric must be also. In following the course of the debate as exhibited in our principal authorities, we have come upon a few names such as Critolaus, Charmadas, who can be safely designated as the originators of certain phases of the argument. More arguments are assigned to less definite sources, Academics, Stoics, Peripatetics, without any designation of persons. And still a larger share while common to several of our authors are entirely anonymous. The reason is as I have intimated before, that the chief points in the controversy were developed very early, and became commonplaces of literary discussion everywhere; the only room for originality was in varying the expression and illustration of the arguments, and as we have seen in the case of Phryne and Philo, these, too, soon became stereotyped. CONTENTS OF VOLUME 22 OF THE TRANSACTIONS PAGES 1-209 The History of Early Relations between the United States and China, 1784-1844, by Kenneth Scott Latourette (Aug. 1917) PRICE $2.20 211-248 Studies in the Calcite Group, by William E. Ford (Oct. 1917) .. -45 249-467 The Vegetation of Northern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, by George E. Nichols (July, 1918).. 2.40 CONTENTS OF VOLUME 23 OF THE TRANSACTIONS PAGES PRICE 1-63 Chaucerian Papers-I, by Professor Albert S. 65-108 Spenser's English Rivers, by Charles G. Osgood (January, 1920) $0.80 .60 109-158 New Species of Devonian Fossils from Western Tennessee, by Carl O. Dunbar (February, 1920) .85 159-210 Early History of American Auctions-A Chapter in Commercial History, by R. B. Westerfield (May, 1920) 211-241 Russia's Contribution to Science, by Alexander Petrunkevitch (June, 1920) 243-382 The Rhetorica of Philodemus, by Harry M. Hubbell (September, 1920) .65 40 1.20 |