INDEX

Advances made by auctioneer to foreign principal, 179.
Advantages of auctions to English manufacturer, cost of marketing re-
duced, 180; customs credits provided capital, 179; defeated American
manufactures (see Dumping); ready cash market provided, 179-80.
Auctioneers, advances made against consignments, 179; business profits,
176-8; classification in Pennsylvania, 201-2; commission rates, 176-7,
202; concentration of business, 177-8; importance in local affairs,
176-7; personnel, 177-8.

Boycott of auctioneers, 198-9.

Campaign against auctions, by boycott, 198-9; decline after 1830, 208;
federal legislation, 202-8 (see Legislation); protection becomes a
factor, 203-4; publicity campaign, 198-9; state legislation, 199-202;
taxes in New York, 199-201; taxes in Pennsylvania, 201-2.

Customs credits, acts of 1789, 1794, 1795, 186; acts of 1799, 1805, 1818, 186;
failure of bill of 1820, 187; act of 1832, 187-8; caused excessive im-
portations, 190; credits allowed, 186; defeated the tariff, 189-90;
effects, 188-9; favored the British, 189-90; legislation, 186-8; losses of
revenue, 190; objections and criticisms, 189-91; relation to auction.
problem, 190-1; term of credits, 188; theory of customs credits, 188;
were really a loan to importer, 188-9.

Decline, reasons for, 208.

Display and inspection, 175.

Dumping of English wares, effects, 167-8; in 1816, 165-8; in 1823, 168;
kinds of merchandise, 166-8; occasioned call for protection, 169-70.
Duties on auction sales, cause increase of goods subject to ad valorem
duties, 193; federal act of 1794, 202; of 1814-6, 203-4; of 1820, 204-5;
of 1824, 205-6; of 1829, 207-8; paid in New York, 171-3, 178-9.
Effects of auctions, changes commercial methods, 181-2; introduced new
lines of goods, 181-2; lowered prices, 182-3; on interior merchant
operations, 184-5; on retailers, 185; on status of jobbers and mer-
chant importers, 183-4, 184-5.

Embargo occasioned use of auctions, 164-5.

Foreign account, imports on, 179; relative proportion on, 180-1.

Foreign agents, activities of, 179; advantages to foreign manufacturers
and exporters from using, 179-80.

Jobbers adversely affected, 183-4, 184-6, 193-4.

Legislation, act of 1794, 202; acts of 1812-16, 203-4; repeal of these acts,
1818, 203-4; efforts at legislation in 1820, 205-6; in 1824, 205-6; in
1828, 206-7; in 1829, 207; federal legislation, 202-8; legislation in
New York, 199-201; in Pennsylvania, 201-2.

Methods, advances allowed to principals by auctioneers on consignments, 179; catalogues issued, 174-5; conditions and terms of sale, 175-6; conduct of sales at auction, 173-6; credit allowed to buyers, 176; display and inspection, 175-6; piece sales, 174-6; sale of package goods, 175-6; system of dumping, 167-8, 173-4.

Monopolistic, 178-9, 194-5.

Morals lowered by auction methods, 194, 197-8.

Objections to auctions, caused export of money, 196; caused poorer quality of goods, 196-7; concentrated trade in a few large cities, 195; disturbed the stability of commerce and industry, 196; encouraged dishonest practices and frauds, 144; gave less support to the home city, 195; hurt importers and jobbers, 143-4; introduced bad business practices, 198; lowered the morality of business, 197-8; made trade monopolistic, 194-5.

Origin of auctions, before 1816, 164; in the colonies, 164; in early New York, 173; origin of protectionists' hostility, 203-4.

Package goods, methods of sale of, 175-6.

Petitions (memorials) to Congress, in 1820, 205; in 1824, 206; in 1828, 206-7; in 1829, 207.

Piece sales, method of, 174-6.

Publicity, hostile campaign against auctions, 198-9.

Quality of goods lowered, 196-7; new goods introduced, 181.

Tariff, attitude of American import merchants, 170; auctions become a factor in tariff legislation, 203-4; efforts of protectionists in Congress (see Legislation); protectionists become anti-auctionists, 169; protective tariff defeated by auctions, 169, 193.

Terms of sale, 175-6.

Undervaluation of imports, cause larger proportion of imports to be of those subject to ad valorem duties, 193; act of 1832, 193; evasions of duties more common in case of goods on foreign account, 192-3; system of valuation used, 191; various evasions of customs duties, 191-2. Volume of sales, based on auction duties of New York, 170-3; concentration in New York City, 172; estimates of contemporaries, 170-1; sources of data, 170-1.

War of 1812 occasioned use of auctions, 164-6.

I-209 The History of Early Relations between the United States and China, 1784-1844, by Kenneth Scott Latourette (Aug. 1917)

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211-248 Studies in the Calcite Group, by William E. Ford (Oct. 1917)

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249-467 The Vegetation of Northern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, by George E. Nichols (July, 1918)...

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CONTENTS OF VOLUME 23 OF THE TRANSACTIONS

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Chaucerian Papers-I, by Professor Albert S.
Cook (November, 1919)

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65-108 Spenser's English Rivers, by Charles G. Osgood (January, 1920)

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109-158 New Species of Devonian Fossils from Western Tennessee, by Carl O. Dunbar (February, 1920)

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159-210 Early History of American Auctions--A Chapter in Commercial History, by R. B. Westerfield (May, 1920)

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