and discharged at her Shoulder. In a Letter to Frank Nicholls, M. D. F. R. S. from Dr. Lyfons of Gloucefter.

Thefe pins, after flicking eight weeks in the cefophagus, and after having produced great pain and inflammation in the throat, attended with difficulty both of fwallowing and breathing, were at last, after various fruitlefs attempts, difplaced by the whalebone inftrument ufed by furgeons for that purpose. The removal of them, however, produced only a change of fymptoms. A pain was inftantly felt on the right fide, below the falfe ribs, which was greatly aggravated on the patient's moving her body in a particular direction, or on lifting up her right arm. By the violence of this pain, convulfion fits were fometimes produ-. ccd, and particularly a fpafm, by which the mufculus rectus fuperior of the right eye was fo violently affected, that notwith-. ftanding the eye was open, yet the pupil was entirely covered by the eye-lid, and once continued in that fituation for a fortnight.. The other eye was fimilarly affected for a fhorter time. After the patient had been haraffed with thefe and other fymptoms about eleven months, a fmall painful tumour appeared on her right fhoulder; but difappeared within a week. In a fortnight, a fimilar tumour arofe on the upper part of the left fhoulder-blade, which was brought to fuppuration and opened, and from which one of the pins iflued the next day, and was followed on the fucceeding day by the two others. The Author inquires into the probable courfe which the pins may be fuppofed to have followed; and though, from the cough and fpitting of blood, and from the conflant pain under the falfe ribs, it might be fuppofed that they had injured the lungs and the diaphragm; yet, from anatomical and phyfiological confiderations, he accounts very fatisfactorily for thefe, and most of the other symptoms, by fuppofing that they had been forced through the fubftance of the cefophagus, directly into the ferrati and other mufcles of the neck and fhoulders, from whence they. paffed to the part where they were difcharged. He afcribes the general as well as particular fpafmodic affections to the irritation of the intercoftal nerve, and the confent, as it is called, of those communicating with it; but does not diffemble the difficulty of difcovering the caufe why the pain was conftantly felt on the right fide, till the very inftant that the laft of the three pins had been difcharged, though that difcharge was made at the left. Article 6. An Account of a Cafe, in which the upper Head of the Os Humeri was fawed off, a large Portion of the Bone afterwards exfoliated, and yet the entire Motion of the Limb was preferved. By Mr. White, Surgeon at Manchester, Sc.

In this remarkable cafe, when no other resource feemed to be left, to fave the life of the patient, than the formidable operation of taking off the arm at its articulation with the jcapula, the Au

thor happily propofed, and eafily and fuccefsfully executed that mentioned in the title; in which, after a proper incifion made down to the middle of the humerus, the diseased head of that bone was with ease first turned out of its focket, through the wound, and then fawn off; without any inconveniencies attending or following the operation. The event of it exceeded the Author's moft fanguine expectations: for although above four inches in length of the bone had been loft, partly by the operation, and partly by a large fubfequent exfoliation, or rather feparation, of its intire fubftance below; yet, after the cure, the diseased arm was found to be not quite an inch fhorter than the other, its figure in no refpect altered, nor its ufe impaired: the patient performing even the rotatory motion at the joint as well as ever, From thefe circumftances, and from the evident hardness of the parts to the touch, Mr. White appears fully juftified in venturing to conclude, that not only part of the body, but that the head and neck of the os humeri have been actually regenerated.

We refer those of the profeffion to the paper itself, for the ra-. tional and fimple method in which this extraordinary cafe was conducted, and which, no doubt, greatly contributed to the maintaining nearly the due length, and to the preserving the natural motion, of the limb. We believe, with the Author, that this is the firft operation of the kind that has been performed, or at leaft made public:' although that excellent practical writer Mr. Gooch has, as he obferves, mentioned three cafes of bad. compound luxations, in which a fimilar operation had been fuccefsfully performed *. The art of furgery has undoubtedly great obligations to thofe Efprits forts, who thus fuccefsfully explore. the fecret refources of Nature, and venture, in defperate cafes, to put her fufficiency to the teft, by thus properly, but boldly interrogating her, and making trial of the extent of her

powers.

Article 28. An Account of the Lymphatic Syftem in amphibious animals. By Mr. William Hewfon, Lecturer in Anatomy, &c. Article 29. An Account of the Lymphatic Syftem in Fifh. By the

fame.

In conformity to his promife in the preceding volume, the Author, in the firft of thefe papers, traces the lymphatic fyftem, and the diftribution of the lacteals, in a turtle. In the fecond, he gives an account of his discovery of these veffels in skate, cod, haddocks, and a variety of other fish. His defcription of these fyftems is terminated by a catalogue of feveral curious preparations, which were laid before the Society, and in which those veffels are completely demonftrated by injections.

See his Cafes and Remarks in Surgery, Vol. II. p. 323. 2d Edit.

Article

Article 54. A Defcription of the Lymphatics of the Urethra and Neck of the Bladder. By Henry Watfon, Surgeon to the Westminster Hofpital, and F. Ŕ. S.

The Author introduces this defcription by obferving, that the lymphatic vessels are of much greater importance in the animal economy, than fome have imagined; that if an obftruction of the aorta will produce a very quick or fudden death, an obftructed thoracic duct (which in fact is only a large lymphatic) will as certainly lead to a tedious and lingering diffolution; and that the laft-mentioned diforder is fometimes the cause of a marafmus, though unfufpected or not attended to. The extreme exility, and colourless transparency of thefe veffels, have hitherto prevented our difcovering their origin; though it has been generally fuppofed, from arguments, drawn from experiments, a pofteriori, that they arise from all the internal furfaces and cavities of the body. There are many parts likewife, in which the most eminent anatomifts have not been able to discover them.

In this paper, the Author afcertains the existence, and gives an account of the distribution of these veffels in the human bladder and urethra, where they had eluded the search of Haller. He has likewife ocularly demonftrated their actual origination from cavities, at least in this vifcus, by having frequently, without ufing the knife or lancet, or the leaft violence of any kind, thrown air into them through their mouths, as well as introduced fine briftles into their orifices; through which, he obferves, mercury may likewife be made to pafs.

Article 38. Extract of a Letter from Mr. Benjamin Gooch, Surgeon of Shottisham, near Norwich, to Mr. Jofeph Warner, F. R. S. and Surgeon to Guy's Hospital, &c.

This letter contains a short account of the symptoms and circumftances preceding and attending a very remarkable separation of the scarf skin, in the cafe of a gentleman at Saham Tony, in the county of Norfolk. During the laft ten years, he has been frequently attacked with anomalous feverish diforders, in confequence of which the cuticle has feparated from the true skin, in every part of his body; and he has, particularly, often turned it off from his wrift to his fingers ends, in one entire piece, completely resembling a glove. Of thefe fingular exuvia, he has unfortunately been enabled to prefent the curious among his friends with feveral fpecimens. An accurate drawing of one of these cuticular gloves, fent by the Author to Mr. Warner, accompanies this article.

[To be concluded in the next Number.]

P 3

B.-Y.

ART. V.

ART. V. The Nautical Almanac, and Aftronomical Ephemeris, for the Year 1772. Published by Order of the Commiffioners of Longitude. 3s. 6d. fewed. Nourfe. 1770.

W

Hether we regard our country in a political or commercial view, the art of Navigation, is of the highest importance and ufe. To this we owe our fuperiority and credit abroad, as well as our fecurity and profperity at home. We are furrounded with an element, by the command of which we can defy the machinations of foreign powers, and enrich ourfelves with the produce of diftant nations. Our fituation, in this refpect, is a bulwark, on which we can more confidently rely, than on the best concerted meafures of the most upright and difcerning minifters; and we may have reafon to congratulate ourfeives on account of the fecurity we derive from it, against the attempts of an adverfary, whom our timidity may render vain, and our abject fubmiffion encroaching and imperious. It requires no prophetic fpirit to prognofticate a period, in which we may be obliged to recur to our maritime frength to combat the pernitious effects of our minifterial weaknefs.-But as we are not fond of indulging gloomy furmifes, we will hope that fuch a period is far diftant. We are difpofed to with, that the temporary fufpention of the dreadful calamities of war and bloodshed, which every lover of his fpecies and of his country would gladly avoid, will iflue in an eftablished and durable tranquillity; that we fhall long enjoy the bleflings of freedom and peace, without moleftation, and with grateful united hearts; and that our commercial interefts will yet flourish, free from impediment and reftraint..

Our commerce is already extended through the four quarters of the globe; our richly freighted fhips traverse the feas, which wafh the fhores of remoteft kingdoms, and with their expanded fails invite the gales of various climates. Our navigators are justly celebrated through the world; and we may boaft farther advancements both in the theory and practice of failing, than any other nation under the fun. An art of fuch extenfive benefit, and in which we already fo much excel, deferves all the patronage and encouragement which genius and flation can afford it. Having attained fo near perfection, we fhould ftrive to be altogether perfect.There is one problem, on the folution of which the defirable perfection very much depends: this relates to the determination of the longitude at fea, Many ingenious and laudable attempts have been made. towards refolving this important problem. Time-pieces have been conftructed, and tables have been formed, for this purpofe. The latter method feems to bid faireft for fuccefs. The late Profeffor Mayer of Gottingen had brought his tables of the moon, now publifhed by authority of the Commiffioners of Longitude, to a fufficient degree of exact

nefs

nefs to determine the longitude within a degree, as appeared by the trials of feveral perfons who made use of them: but the neceffary calculations were too difficult and tedious for general use. To remove this inconvenience, is the primary defign of the work before us; though, at the fame time, it must greatly contribute to the improvement of Aftronomy, Geography, and Navigation in general.

The world is much indebted to the favour of the legislature, and to the commendable labours of the aftronomer-royal, for the extent and accuracy of thefe tables. The work contains, to use the Editor's own words, every thing elsential to general ufe, that is to be found in any Ephemeris hitherto published, with many other useful and interefting particulars never yet offered to the public in any work of this kind. The mariner may eafily find the longitude by the help of thefe tables; the problem is now reduced to the computation of the time, an operation equal to that of an Azimuth, and the correction of the diftance on account of refraction and parallax, which is alfo rendered very easy by feveral methods here proposed.

The Editor, at the defire of the Commiffioners of Longitude, has drawn up the explanation and use of the feveral articles contained in the Ephemeris, and inftructions, together with examples, for finding the longitude at fea, by the help of the fame. He has likewife, with great ingenuity and pains, calculated feveral tables to render the ufe of thefe more eafy and expeditious, for which he is juftly entitled to the acknowledgments of the public.

The preface to this work contains the refult of feveral obfervations, made at the Lizard, by the direction of the Board of Longitude, for more accurately determining the difference of longitude between this place and the obfervatory at Greenwich, which is found to be 5° 15' weft;-together with corrections of errors of less moment, relating to the longitude of the Cape of Good Hope.

The Ephemeris itfelf contains twelve pages for each month. The first page is divided into four columns: the three first of which contain the days of the month, of the week, and the Sundays and festivals through the year. The laft column fhews, at top, the moon's phafes; and beneath are contained mifcellaneous phænomena, fuch as eclipfes of the fun and moon-occultations of planets, or fixed ftars, not less than the fourth magnitude by the moon, as they are to happen at Greenwich by the tables the conjunctions of the moon with all stars not less than the fourth magnitude-the conjunctions, oppofitions and quadratures of the planets with the fun-the entrance of the fun into the feveral figus, together with any other remarkable phænomena.