pit at a considerable depth (see engraving in page 341); the edges are somewhat blackened. That gentleman also found the four curious pear-shaped blocks to which I have alluded; they weigh about 3 lbs. each, and are drilled at the smaller end, and about this hole are signs of thongs or strings having cut into the soft chalk by fraying.

7. Animal Remains.

It is remarkable that in the shaft and galleries which I have been describing no other animal remains were found but those already noticed, which were worked into tools. But, fortunately, evidence is not wanting as to the character of the animals which served as food to the Celtic race of this district, for Mr. Tindall discovered a quantity of bones belonging to Bos primigenius, stag, otter, wild boar, and roe deer. The heads of urus are unusually fine and perfect, the horn-cores being almost intact. The skull of a wild boar too had its tusks in a very good state of preservation, the enamel on them being almost as hard as on the day the animal was killed.

These remains are nearly all those of feral animals; and when this is taken into consideration, with the facts that the deer-horns are mostly not shed, but from slain animals, that there are no signs of pottery (except from the surface layer) or any other of the earlier traces even of approaching civilization, and that some of the flint implements are similar to certain forms found in the drift,it suggests, I think, that the period of the working of these quarries at Cissbury was earlier in the Neolithic age than that of the Grime's Graves, at which latter place the animal remains were principally domesticated, such as Bos longifrons, sheep, pig, goat, dog, and the horns of the red deer for the most part shed. From these two latter facts Canon Greenwell argues that the occupants of Grime's Graves had passed beyond the hunting stage, and were probably not unfamiliar with herds and flocks.

I have now briefly dwelt upon the main points of interest that have come under my notice relative to ancient Flint Workings in Sussex, and have alluded to their connection with those in another great chalk-bearing county.

But I ought to mention, in corroboration of my having come to this conclusion concerning the Cissbury pits, that I have not ignored the possibility of another explanation, viz. that of their having been places of habitation or of refuge; but

I think that the absence in them of all traces of prolonged residence negatives this as the primary purpose for which they were constructed. It does, however, seem to me probable that when the pit had been discontinued in use as a quarry, and the refilling from a neighbouring shaft had partly taken place, advantage of it was taken as a place of shelter where workmen might shape their tools.

The occurrence of the greater portion of the flint, both worked and unworked, with numberless chippings, and also of patches of charcoal in connection with the red-earth layers, are the facts on which I base my opinion; and, further, the sides of the shaft, on a level with the lower of the two layers, show signs of abrasion and wear not noticed above or below this depth from the surface.

I am in hopes of some day seeing one or more of the depressions outside the camp opened, as perhaps this may throw some light upon the yet obscure question as to the relative ages of the pits and the vallum. I know that Colonel Lane Fox considers that the pits are subsequent, but I believe he grounds his argument on the finding of a few flint implements at the bottom of the trench, a circumstance which I cannot bring myself to think conclusive evidence, and in the presence of an opposite opinion suggested by the continuity of the series being abruptly severed by the fosse.

I have now but to add that my own thanks, and I think I may say those of all interested in the subject, are due to the owner of Cissbury, Major Wisden, who so courteously afforded every facility in his power for the prosecution of the work, and who has kindly consented to the deposit in our local museum of the objects discovered.

I must also express my personal obligations to Canon Greenwell for having in the first place prompted me to undertake the excavation, and for the assistance I have derived by the free reference at all times to his valuable experience during the preparation of this paper.

NOTE.-Partly in consequence of the discussion that arose when this communication was read to the Society, further excavations were undertaken by Colonel (now General) Lane Fox and Mr. Park Harrison, acting on behalf of a committee of the Anthropological Institute, which have demonstrated the greater antiquity of the series of pits for flint-working to the camp-ditch and wall. Two skeletons with dolico-cephalic skulls were discovered in the shafts, proving that the pits were at one time worked by these long-headed people, a race that had certainly been displaced in the district at the time of the Roman invasion by round-headed inhabitants. Both these circumstances support the theory of the 3 A

VOL. XLV.

comparatively great antiquity of the Cissbury flint-workings, at first suggested by the resemblance of the forms to some of the drift types, and by the absence (as already stated above) of all remains of domestic animals in the refuse heaps.

For details of the results of these later excavations the reader is referred to the articles by Colonel A. Lane Fox, F.R.S. F.S.A. Professor Rolleston, F.R.S. F.S.A. and Mr. Park Harrison, in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute." In vol. vii. of that Journal, plate x. is a plan of the excavations made in 1876 and 1877, which gives their position and connection with those that form the subject of my communication.

a Vol. v. p. 357; vi. p. 263, 430; vii. p. 413.

XV.-Note on the Milites Stationarii of the Romans. By HENRY SALUSBURY

MILMAN, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

Read March 18, 1876.

THE Home Office of Imperial Rome, as working through the milites stationarii and leaving their indelible mark on our country, was exhibited by Mr. H. C. Coote, in a paper read before us on December 5th, 1872. The novelty of the subject, whilst adding to its interest, rendered it difficult of worthy discussion at the hearing. I have now the permission-nay, the encouragement-of the author to offer some further illustrations of it.

According to this paper, the stationarii, like all other milites, were organized in centuriæ and decuriæ. They were the local constabulary, and, by their officers, the criminal magistracy of first instance. They were invented by Augustus, improved by Tiberius, for Italy, and thence extended throughout the Empire. Every centuria, every decuria of them, had its statio and district, to which it gave title. Their duties were to put in operation the criminal law. A private stationarius, or several under their decurio, arrested the suspected. Their centurio, if a case were made out, caused a notoria (indictment) to be drawn, and committed him for trial by the præses (circuit-judge). Such was the institution. As the Empire declined in power and contracted in extent, it drew in the soldiers of every kind from the provinces. The provincials, recognising the value of the institution described, retained the districts with their titles, replaced the uniform paid soldiery by multiform unpaid bodies of men, every nation in accordance with its own customs and legal ideas. In our country the district-titles were translated into hundred and tything. After a few generations the origin of these titles was utterly forgotten. A pre-Conquest attempt to account for them, which has been handed down to us, was as complete a failure as are the attempts made in our current legal histories.

Three points, by way of further illustration, have occurred to me. First, that the application of the words centuria and decuria as district titles was in conformity with old Roman precedent; secondly, that certain soldiers mentioned in the Gospels were clearly stationarii; thirdly, that, in later times and throughout Europe, the entitling of districts from personal offices has been the rule rather than the exception.

1. The word tribus was derived from numbers, but very early lost sight of them, and ceased, in the mind of a Roman, to involve a numerical idea. It also very early ceased to involve even a personal idea, for it was applied by Servius Tullius to his divisions of the Roman soil; so centuria and decuria seem, apart from numerical and personal ideas, to have been applied by Augustus and Tiberius to constabulary districts.

2. In the third chapter of St. Luke's Gospel is recorded the ministry of John the Baptist in the desert of Jordan in the fifteenth year of the Emperor Tiberius. Three classes of persons-the people, publicans, and soldiers-asked of him rules of conduct. The people were the Jews of every grade; to them was given universally applicable advice. The publicans were officers of the Roman Government, authorised to collect the taxes, which they farmed; to them was given advice specially applicable to their besetting temptation. But who were the soldiers ?

Let us learn this from the advice given to them, which was:

In the Greek original :Μηδένα διασείσητε μηδὲ συκοφαντήσητε· καὶ ἀρκεῖσθε τοῖς ὀψωνίοις ὑμῶν.

In the Latin Vulgate version :-" Neminem concutiatis, neque calumniam faciatis; et contenti estote stipendiis vestris."

In the English authorised version:-" Do violence to no man, neither accuse any falsely; and be content with your wages."

Two words, διασείσητε and συκοφαντήσητε, demand notice.

Zeiew and its intensitive diaσeiew had, as equivalents in Latin, "quatere, concutere;" in English, "to shake, to shake thoroughly." They often bore a metaphorical sense, to stir, to harass the mind, and especially by legal process. The Basilica have a chapter, "Tepì diaσeiσews," representing a chapter of the περὶ διασείσεως,” Digesta, "De Concussione." a

Σʊkopaνтeîv had, as equivalent in Latin, "calumniari, calumniam facere;" in English, "to accuse basely, to act as a base informer." It implied baseness in the agent, and the base often use falsehood.

a B. lib. lx. tit. 24. D. lib. xlvii. tit. 13.