132. DEFECTIVE VERBS are those now used only in certain tenses. Such are-beware, forego, ought, will, wont; with a few others little in modern use; as-quoth, wot, wist, ween. 133. IMPERSONAL VERBS are such as have no person for the nominative. The following are specimens:-It behoves, it behoved, it irketh; also, methinks, methought. Common verbs are used as impersonals-it rains, it snows, it hails, it thunders. EXAMPLES. He warned me to (132.) Beware of all, but most beware of man. beware. She acts but as she ought. That thou mayest know how thou oughtest to behave. I will that thou give me. I would thou wert cold or hot. They'll have fleet steeds that follow,' quoth young Lochinvar. Ill-sorted fry, I ween. We wot not what is become of him. The Douglas, too, I wot not why. He wist not what to say. We do you to wit. He wist not. He was wont to say. Their wonted courage. ADVERB S. 134. An Adverb is used with a verb, an adjective, and sometimes with another adverb. The use of this part of speech is to modify the sense of the words with which it is connected. Adverbs have been distributed into various classes, which, however, are not very important to determine, as they make no difference in the grammatical relations of the words. There are, for instance 135. ADVERBS OF TIME.-Now, while, when, to-day, instantly, immediately, still, as. Ago, already, before, beforehand, heretofore, lately, recently, retrospectively, since. Hereafter, henceforth, presently, immediately, soon, more, no more. Oft, often, seldom, rarely, frequently, occasionally. Once, twice, thrice, daily, nightly, weekly, monthly, again. Before, after, when, then, till, until, early, late. Always, ever, aye, never, continually, perpetually, incessantly. 136. ADVERBS OF PLACE.-Here, there, yonder, where, above, aloft, below, about, around, within, without; and the numerous compounds of here, there, and where. Hither, thither, whither, up, down, back, far, in, out; and the compounds ending in wards-as upwards, &c. Hence, thence, whence, away, off, out. 137. ADVERBS OF QUANTITY.-Very, greatly, too, far, besides, much, chiefly, fully, completely, wholly, perfectly, all, quite, exceedingly, extremely, infinitely, &c. Enough, enow, sufficiently, equally, so, as, even. Little, scarcely, hardly, only, but, nearly, almost, less. 138. ADVERBS OF MANNER.-Well, ill, bravely, quickly, slowly, cleverly, stupidly, &c., thus, so. 139. ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION, NEGATION, and Doubt. —Yea, yes, ay, verily, truly, really, surely, certainly. No, nay, not, never, noways. Perhaps, possibly, perchance, peradventure. 140. ADVERBS OF RELATION.-Apart, asunder, together, across, alternately, else, otherwise, however. 141. ADVERBS OF CAUSE.-Why, wherefore, therefore. 142. A very large class of adverbs is formed by adding ly to adjectives or participles-wisely, lovingly. 143. Certain combinations of words are called Adverbial Phrases, from being used, as adverbs are, to qualify adjectives and verbs. They are generally formed of nouns, or adjectives, with prepositions, and are very elliptical. The following are a few : At length, at last, at best, at large, at all, at times, at hand, by and by, by turns, by chance, by no means, in that, inasmuch as, in truth, in case, from above, from below, one by one, in like manner, now and then, ever and anon, up and down, in and out, here and there, as yet, so so, by far. EXAMPLES. (135.) And now a bubble bursts, and now a world. Night is already gone. For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn. She weeps not, but often and deeply she sighs. Again thy fires began to burn. I was daily with you. Thought, once tangled, never cleared again. All too late the advantage came. We are always impatient of the present. Thus, long ago. Each in his narrow cell for ever laid. Oft she rejects, but never once offends. Dulness is ever apt to magnify. (136.) Where is my child? and echo answers: rests his head upon the lap of earth. Gold and vessels set apart. Wheresoever the carcass is, there will the eagles be gathered together. Yonder are two apple-women scolding. Look downward on that globe. Come hither, my little page. Onward in haste Llewellyn passed. Let Norval go hence as he came. I thence invoke thy aid. Whence and what art thou? Henceforth, to rule was not enough for Bonaparte. 'Where.' Here (137.) This institution universally prevailed. Isaac trembled exceedingly. By too severe a fate. Think much, speak little. How much better it is to weep at joy, than to joy at weeping. Nothing is too gross or too refined, too cruel or too trifling, to be practised. We cannot wholly deprive them of merit. The fur extended ocean. The same actions may arise from quite contrary principles. It was thought very strange. They were completely in my power. Again, she smiled, nay, much and brightly smiled. It was strong enough to last for years. My brother will have slaves enow. Why is his chariot so long in coming? So frowned the combatants. He almost faints beneath the weight. She was less beautiful. Ah! little thought I to deplore those limbs in fetters bound. Slowly he sails, and scarcely stems the tide. I propose my thoughts only as conjectures. Avoid extremes, and shun the fault of such, Who still are pleased too little or too much. (138.) Govern well thy appetite. Ill fared it then with Roderick Dhu. We steadfastly gazed on the face of the dead. Slowly and sadly we laid him down. But in such lays as neither ebb nor flow- A (139.) Verily, I say unto you. Yes, you despised him. One says only yea, and t'other nay. Say ay, and be the captain of us all. To be, or not to be, that is the question. Nay, more, I vowed thy death. land of slaves shall ne'er be mine. He knew when to say no. Spark of that flame, perchance of heavenly birth. Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid. Can we possibly his love desert! Peradventure there be fifty. (140.) Then were the wretched ones asunder torn. So please you to put apart these your attendants. We turned o'er many books together. (141.) Why flames the far summit? And wherefore slaughtered? Wherefore, but because Such were the bloody circus' genial laws. (143.) I will insert it at length in one of my papers. At length, I have thee. He died at last. At best no more, even if he speaks the truth. I am not at all surprised. At times his mind was affected. He is at hand. Now, a sensible man, by and by, a fool. This wine is by no means so good as the other. In case you do not find him there, go to Verona. Ever and anon he beat the doubling drum. You have the Pyrrhic dance as yet. His leg is but so so. Every now and then, the stroke of a bell from the neighbouring tower fell on my ear. At length, the freshening western blast. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 144. Some adverbs admit of comparison; as-soon, sooner, soonest; near, nearer, nearest; often, oftener, oftenest. 145. A few are irregularly compared-well, better, best; ill, worse, worst; little, less, least; much, more, most; far, farther or further, farthest or furthest, &c. 146. Many adverbs may be compared in an increasing form by prefixing more and most; as-rapidly, more rapidly, most rapidly and in a decreasing form by prefixing less and least; as-bravely, less bravely, least bravely. EXAMPLES. The weakest kind of fruit drops soonest to the ground. Oftener upon her knees than on her feet. Make good use of his ill-gotten power. The more one sickens, the worse at ease he is. The heart of the wicked is little worth. This opinion presents a less merry, but not less dangerous temptation. Thou art much mightier than we. He loved Rachel more than Leah. Her price is far above rubies. I will set this foot of mine as far as who goes farthest. They retired more rapidly than they approached. Demosthenes spoke most vehemently. It was out of my power to act more promptly. They were obliged to speak to him most severely. The more mildly I spoke, the more insolently he answered. Exercise. Distinguish between adjectives and adverbs, according to the Rule (see 20) that adjectives belong to nouns, and adverbs to verbs, adjectives, or adverbs-I have seen better faces. He likes this better. The more mildly I spoke, the more insolently he answered; and therefore the more punishment he deserves. I have long wished to see her. I had a long letter from her. Were she less beautiful or less beloved. The least of all thy mercies. James the less. The least of those apples. Much fruit. I loved him much. PREPOSITIONS. 147. A Preposition expresses relation between two objects→ a man on horseback; the house beside the river. Or between the action of an intransitive verb and an object-to walk in the fields; to fall under a load. 148. The following list contains the chief prepositions :About, above, across, adown, after, against, along, amid, among, around, at, athwart; before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by; concerning; down, during; except, excepting; for, from; in, into; notwithstanding; of, off, on, over; past; round; since; though, throughout, till, to, touching, toward; under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon; with, within, without. Several words are both adverbs and prepositions. They should be considered as prepositions when they govern a noun or pronoun, and adverbs when they do not. As he went along (prep.) the road, he spoke to himself. Go along (ad.), you silly thing. About the door. He wandered about. 149. Several combinations of words may be denominated Compound Prepositions; such as-According to, out of, for want of, far from, on account of, on this side of, on the other side of, by means of, for the sake of, from below, from above, from behind, from amidst, from among, from beyond, from off, from out of, from under, along with, instead of. EXAMPLES. (148.) Bind them about thy neck. Above me are the Alps. Across his brow his hand he drew. Adown the vale rolled the mountain stream. Thump after thump resounds the flail. His hand will be against every man. He wandered on along the beach. Amid the tuneful choir. Linked among a fettered race. His martial cloak around him. Deserted at his utmost need. Advance thy front athwart my way. The world was all before them. The varnished clock that clicked behind the door. Loch Katrine lay beneath him rolled. Lovely Thais sits beside thee. Children quickly distinguish between what is required of them, and what is not. Beyond the reach of storms. I see thee stand by freedom's fane. A discourse concerning this point. A man falling down a precipice. Rain fell during the night. But all, except their sun, is set. Though high above the sun of glory glow, And far beneath the earth and ocean spread, Round him are icy rocks. (149.) Our zeal shall be according to knowledge. Self-ignorance leads a man to act out of character. For want of a shoe, the horse was lost. So far from converting him, it confirmed him in his previous opinion. I felt annoyed on account of his indolence. From amidst the waves with glory rise. He from among the trees appeared. My wife from beneath my head my sword conveyed. There followed him great multitudes from beyond Jordan. The sea withdrew from off certain tracts of land. It was drawn from out of the very bowels of the earth. The thief crept from under the bed. Alders and ashes have been seen to grow out of steeples. They are out of their element. I am out of breath. Put it out of fortune's power. Chiefs out of war, and statesmen out of place. Some bird from out the brakes. I am out of humanity's reach. He went along with many others. They, instead of fruit, chewed bitter ashes. Instead of the word church, make it a question in politics. Exercise. Distinguish between adverbs and prepositions:-The world was all before him. I have seen that before. Beyond the reach of storms. The world that lies beyond. He stood afar off. They eat off wooden plates. CONJUNCTIONS. 150. CONJUNCTIONS Connect words and sentences. 151. Copulative Conjunctions are so called, because they join words in form and meaning, by denoting addition, cause, consequence, supposition, &c.—and, as, so, both, because, therefore, wherefore, then, for, if, since, that. 152. Disjunctive Conjunctions are so called, because, though they conjoin in form, they disjoin in meaning; as they denote separation, concession, choice, exception, opposition, &c.—either, or, neither, nor, whether, though, yet, but, except, lest, unless, save, however, than, notwithstanding. 153. Compound Conjunctions, sometimes called Conjunctional Phrases, are formed of two or more words-As for, as if, as to, as though, for why, forasmuch as, so then, not only, but also, in order that, and also, as well as. |