ereign for the understanding, as the first is for the affec- 95 tions. For friendship maketh indeed a fair day in the affections from storin and tempests, but it maketh daylight in the understanding, out of darkness and confution of thoughts. Neither is this to be understood only of faithful counsel, which a man receiveth from his 100 friend; but before you come to that, certain it is that whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts, his wits and understanding do clarify and break up in the communicating and discoursing with another: he tosseth his thoughts more easily; he marshaleth them 105 more orderly; he ṣeeth how they look when they are turned into words finally, he waxeth wiser than himself, and that more by an hour's discourse than by a day's meditation. It was well said by Themistocles to the king of Persia "that speech was like cloth of Arras 110 opened and put abroad, whereby the imagery doth appear in figure; whereby in thoughts they lie but as in

NOTES.-109. Themistocles, a 110. cloth of Arras, named from celebrated Athenian statesman and general (514–449 B. C.).

Arras, a town in France; the word is equivalent to tapestry.

ANALYSIS.-96-99. For friendship, etc. Explain the sentence and name the rhetorical figures.

101. certain it is that, etc. Parse it. Also give the construction of the clause introduced by that.

103. do clarify, etc. What figure?

103, 104. in the communicating, etc. Is this correct according to present usage?

101, 105. he tosseth. What figure?

105. he marshaleth them. Name the figure.

107. Give the meaning of waxeth.

109, 110. It...."that speech," etc. Explain the grammatical construction.

112. they lie What is the antecedent of they? Dispose of but.

packs." Neither is this second fruit of friendship, in opening the understanding, restrained only to such friends as are able to give a man counsel (they, indeed, 115 are best); but even without that a man learneth of himself, and bringeth his own thoughts to light, and whetteth his wits as against a stone, which itself cuts not. In a word, a man were better relate himself to a statua or picture than to suffer his thoughts to pass in smother. 120 Add now, to make this second fruit of friendship complete, that other point, which lieth more open, and falleth within vulgar observation-which is, faithful counsel from a friend. Heraclitus saith well, in one of his enigmas, "Dry light is ever the best." And certain it is that 125 the light that a man receiveth by counsel from another is drier and purer than that which cometh from his own understanding and judgment, which is ever infused and drenched in his affections and customs: so as there is as much difference between the counsel that a friend giveth 130 and that a man giveth himself as there is between the counsel of a friend and of a flatterer; for there is no

NOTES.-119. statua, statue.
120. to pass in smother, to re-
main suppressed.

123. vulgar, common.

counsel, advice.

124. Heraclitus, a naturalist of

Ephesus, called the
"Weeping Philosopher."

125. Dry light-that is, intellect
unclouded by passion.

129. so as there is, so that there
is.

ANALYSIS.-114. restrained. Substitute a word.

115. are able. What is the subject?

116. but even, etc. What is the grammatical construction?

117, 118. Point out the figures in the line.

119, 120. to a statua or picture, etc. Is the expression correct? 121. to make, etc. What does the phrase modify?

125. certain it is that, etc. Notice the construction. 131 that In what case is this word?

such flatterer as is a man's self, and there is no such remedy against flattery of a man's self as the liberty of a friend. Counsel is of two sorts: the one concerning 135 manners, the other concerning business. For the first, the best preservative to keep the mind in health is the faithful admonition of a friend. The calling of a man's self to a strict account is a medicine sometime too piercing and corrosive, reading good books of morality is a 110 little flat and dead, observing our faults in others is sometimes unproper for our case; but the best receipt (best, I say, to work, and best to take) is the admonition of a friend.

It is a strange thing to behold what gross errors and 145 extreme absurdities many (especially of the greater sort) do commit for want of a friend to tell them of them, to the great damage both of their fame and fortune; for, as St. James saith, they are as men "that look sometimes into a glass, and presently forget their own shape and 150 favor." As for business, a man may think, if he will, that two eyes see no more than one; or that a gamester seeth always more than a looker-on; or that a man in anger is as wise as he that hath said over the four and twenty letters; or that a musket may be shot off as well 155 upon the arm as upon a rest; and such other fond and high imaginations to think himself all in all; but when

NOTES.-151. favor, appearance. | 156. fond, foolish.

ANALYSIS.-133. as. Give the grammatical construction. 135 136. the one concerning manners.

139. sometime. Give the modern form.

142. unproper. Give the modern form.

Give the construction.

145. It.... to behold, etc. Give the grammatical construction 147. them of them. What is the antecedent of each them?

148. both of their fame and fortune. Correct.

154, 155. To what does four and twenty letters refer ?

all is done, the help of good counsel is that which setteth business straight. ..

After these two noble fruits of friendship (peace in the 160 affections and support of the judgment) followeth the last fruit, which is, like the pomegranate, full of many kernels; I mean aid, and bearing a part in all actions and occasions. Here the best way to represent to life the manifold use of friendship is to cast and see how many 165 things there are which a man cannot do himself; and then it will appear that it was a sparing speech of the ancients to say "that a friend is another himself," for that a friend is far more than himself. Men have their time, and die many times in desire of some things 170 which they principally take to heart-the bestowing of a child, the finishing of a work, or the like. If a man have a true friend, he may rest almost secure that the care of those things will continue after him; so that a man hath, as it were, two lives in his desires. A man 175 hath a body, and that body is confined to a place; but where friendship is, all offices of life are, as it were, granted to him and his deputy, for he may exercise them by his friend. How many things are there which a man cannot, with any face or comeliness, say or do 180 himself! A man can scarce allege his own merits with modesty, much less extol them; a man cannot scmetimes brook to supplicate or beg, and a number of the

ANALYSIS.-162. like the pomegranate. What figure?

165. to cast. What is the meaning?

167 a sparing speech; that is, a moderate speech.

168. himself. Give grammatical construction.

168, 169. for that. What is the meaning?

170. and die many times, etc.

171. the bestowing, the disposal.

Reconstruct.

177. as it were. Give the grammatical construction.

182, 183. cannot sometimes brook to supplicate. Give the meaning,

like; but all these things are graceful in a friend's mouth, which are blushing in a man's own. So, again, a man's 185 person hath many proper relations, which he cannot put off. A man cannot speak to his son but as a father; to his wife, but as a husband; to his enemy, but upon tems: whereas a friend may speak as the case requires, and not as it sorteth with the person. But to enumerate 190 these things were endless. I have given the rule: where a man cannot fitly play his own part, if he have not a friend he may quit the stage.

NOTES.-185. which are blush- | 185. a man's own person, a ing, which cause one to man's own body.

blush;
blush.

fit to make one 186. proper, peculiar to one's self. 190. sorteth, suits.

ANALYSIS.-187. but as a father. Give the construction of but, as, and father.

191. were. What is the mode?

190-193. I have given, etc. What rhetorical figure here? Give the construction of the whole sentence.

CONTEMPORANEOUS WRITERS.

1. DRAMATIC POETS.

Ben Jonson (1574-1637).-Celebrated as a dramatist. The friend of Shakespeare. Author of Every Man in his Humor, Cataline, The Alchemist, and other dramas.

Christopher Marlowe (1563-1593).—The greatest dramatist before Shakespeare. Educated at Cambridge. Author of several plays in blank verse-Tambourlaine the Great, Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta, etc.

Francis Beaumont (1586-1615) and John Fletcher (15761625). The authors of fifty-two tragedies and comedies, mostly written in joint authorship. Their works were more popular in their day than were Shakespeare's. Among their plays are Two Noble Kinsmen, Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, Wit without Money, etc.