being careful selection, good nourishment, and a carefully conducted herdbook.

Algerian cattle were also exhibited. The Guelma or Cheurfa race originated in the Department of Constantine, and has spread all over Algeria and Tunis, the best specimens coming from the neighborhood of Guelma and Bona. These cattle measure from 1.20 to 1.40 metres (3.9 to 4.6 feet) in height, and weigh from 160 to 350 kilos (353 to 772 pounds). They are well built, with small heads and short necks, straight backs, short flanks, and finely shaped limbs; the skin is fine and thin, and the color is a mouse gray, with darker shadings upon the extremities and around the eyes and nostrils; the horns are well shaped, but not much developed, and are generally gray or white. The race is very hardy and does not suffer from variations of climate or from irregularity in feeding. The oxen are agile and strong, are good workers and are easily fattened, making good beef. The cows, however, are not good milkers, giving only 4 to 5 liters daily for about five months in the year, but they are easily fattened. Algeria contains about 1,227,000 head of cattle.

SHEEP.

The principal races upon exhibition were the Merinos, Southdowns, Leicesters or Dishley-Merinos, and Lincolns, coming both from England and from France. England made a much better show of sheep than she did of cattle, and some fine specimens, especially among the Southdowns, were shown. There were, however, very few Cotswolds, Cheviots, or black-faced sheep. The most noteworthy French sheep were the Merinos and the long-wooled races known as the Artesian, Norman, and Picard, together with mountain sheep, Charmois and Causses. From Belgium were sent Texels and Polders. Most of the Dishly-Merinos were too fat. A French breed worthy of mention is that of the Causses du Quercy, coming from the valley of that name in the Department of Lot, in southwestern France. This breed is of moderately long body, but has very long legs and comparatively thin bones; the sides are flat and the thighs bare of flesh; the head is strong and the rams are generally hornless, while the face has black spots, as has also the pendant. The breed, in fact, much resembles the Algerian. The fleece is long, of ordinary quality, glossy, and little charged with dirt, and the head and legs are bare of wool. This breed is very hardy, withstanding the severe winters of the Causses, and, though rather hard to fatten, makes good mutton. They are good walkers, and often make 20 or 25 kilometers a day in search of food among the poor pasturage of the Causses. The ewes are good milkers, and their milk, either alone or mixed with cows' milk, is much used in.

Quercy for cheese-making. By judicious crossing and with bettre pasturage, as by the introduction of sainfoin, much improvement might be made in this breed.

There were about three hundred swine, divided into French and foreign breeds and again subdivided, the French into the Normandy and Craon breeds, with several smaller ones, and the foreign swine, mostly English or Belgian, into classes according to size. There were also several of mixed breeds. Some fine specimens were shown and the exhibit was, on the whole, a good one.

Much confusion exists regarding races and varieties of swine. According to M. Sanson, a French writer, there are only three races of pure type, and all others are varieties or mixtures of these. Two have been European from time immemorial, the Celtic and Iberian, and one is Asiatic, and all these have greatly differing characteristics.

The Celtic race has a broad forehead and long face and snout, the

forehead forming an obtuse angle with the root of the snout; the ears are large and pendant and almost conceal the eyes, the neck is long and thin, the body much elongated, the back is arched and narrow, and the legs are very long. The bristles are coarse and abundant and of a yellowish or reddish white, and the skin is pink and entirely free from pigment. This race runs to flesh rather than to fat. The sows are very prolific and have from twelve to sixteen or even eighteen or more young at a birth.

This race formerly inhabited Gaul and is now found in its purity only in the west and northwest of France, where its original home probably lay. Thence it has spread over the British Isles to the west and over Northern Europe to the east and northeast and as far south as central Italy, and probably to Greece. It is now probably the only race found in purity at agricultural shows, and many of the so-called races are only varieties of it, such as the French races of Normandy and Brittany and the Craon and Mancelle.

The Iberian race has a narrow forehead and short face and snout, the forehead forming a gentle curve with the root of the snout; the ears are long and narrow and are directed obliquely forward, and do not hang down, but are almost horizontal; the neck is short and moderately thick, the body is of moderate length, cylindrical, and with a straight back; the legs are rather short and very muscular; the bristles are sparsely distributed and are almost always black or red or gray, and the skin strongly charged with pigment. This race also runs to flesh rather than to fat, and the sows are less prolific than those of the Celtic race, rarely having over eight or ten at a birth. This race is formed of a uniform black color only in Italy, Sicily, Malta, and Greece or in the south of Spain, and probably originated in one of these countries, most probably in the latter. It is this race which was carried by the Spaniards to America, and, in fact, all over Europe wherever they have occupied territory, as in the Netherlands. It is also found in the south of France, in the Danubian States, and in Hungary, and, in fact, all over southern Europe. The black Neapolitan swine are of this race, being probably its best representatives.

The Asiatic race has, like the Celtic, a broad forehead, but has a short face and snout, which stands almost at a right angle to the forehead; the ears are short, small, and erect; the neck is short and very thick, and the body short and cylindrical, with very short, thin legs, and the whole animal is of small stature. The bristles are not abundant and are of varying color-white, black or reddish, and sometimes of variegated color; the skin is generally charged with pigment in pure individuals, but not always so. This race runs to fat rather than to flesh, and is very precocious. It is rarer in Europe than either of the other two races.

The ancient breed of English swine was of the Celtic race, but has become modified, especially within the present century, by the introduction of the Iberian and Asiatic races. In consequence of continued crossings all identity has been lost, but it has been observed that certain English breeds, for instance, the Yorkshire, which is one of the most celebrated, has a tendency to revert now to one and now to another of the primitive races, and one individual may show the long snout and pendant ears of the Celtic race, while another shows the short snout and little, erect ears of the Asiatic, or perhaps the black color of the Iberian. The same thing has been observed in the Leicester, Middlesex, and Berkshire breeds.

The Normandy or Angeron breed of swine is the principal one in favor in France and is a pure Celtic animal possessing all the characteristics of that race, except that the usual bony and lean appearance has been done away with through good breeding. Several notable specimens were to be seen upon the Cours la Reine. Good feeding, however, is not the only desideratum for the successful raising of swine, but attention must also be given to cleanliness and to ventilation and proper temperature, particulars which are too often neglected in France as elsewhere.

POULTRY.

France has always been noted for its good poultry-raising, and therefore it was natural to expect a fine poultry show at the Exposition, and this expectation was in no way disappointed. The collec tion of the more important breeds of common poultry was a very fine one and included Crèvecœurs, Houdans, Cochin Chinas in all their varieties, Brahmas, Dorkings, Spanish, and Hamburgs, together with several native French breeds, mixed breeds, and many foreign ones. Among the latter were the American Plymouth Rocks and Wyandottes.

Complaint has been made that, while the generality of French ag riculturalists have paid much attention to obtaining large yields of cereals, or to the breeding of cattle, or to the introduction of new ma chinery, not enough attention has been paid to poultry, and that the common fowl are left too much to themselves, being allowed to run at large in the farmyards or fields, and pick up miscellaneous food, while young chickens are left entirely to the care of the mother. The rearing of fowl should be more regulated and good breeds should be more generally chosen, instead of, as is often the case, a mixture of all breeds. A chicken of 3 to 4 months, which now sells for 1 franc 50 centimes (30 cents) might, if carefully raised, sell for 4 to 5 francs (80 cents to $1), and from a hundred fowls a profit of 450 francs ($90) might be made annually. Certain breeds should be

chosen for certain purposes; thus the Houdan, Langshan, Crèvecœur, and Bresse breeds are the best for eggs, while the Hamburgs, though esteemed for greater productiveness, lay smaller eggs. The Houdans also are best for fattening, after which come the Faverolles (a French breed) Crèvecœurs, la Flèche, Dorkings, and Bresse. The Langshans and the Cochins are the best setters. Artificial incubation is, however, very much practiced in France (see Class 74). It has been found that artificially hatched chickens, if well fed, will average 1.20 to 1.50 kilos (2.65 to 3.30 pounds) in weight at the age of 3 months, and sell for from 4 to 5 francs each, while ordinary fowls, not so well cared for, sell at the age of 6 months for only 3 to 4 francs apiece.

One or two breeds may be especially mentioned. The Leghorn fowl is of Italian origin, and was imported into America and has since returned to Europe in an improved condition, and is well known in England, Germany, and Belgium, and very common in Denmark, but is comparatively unknown in France. It is a gamelooking fowl, with a bright eye and large red crest and graceful figure, and there are four or five varieties of color, red or golden, black, and coucou (mottled gray), in all of which the beak and feet are yellow; the hen closely resembles the cock, and is a very good layer. In England the red variety is said to lay about 170 eggs as a yearly average, the white variety laying 160; in Belgium the average is 150 to 200, while in France it has been found to be from 190 to 220. No reason for the fact that this race is not more appreciated in France can be assigned except, perhaps, that its flesh is less esteemed by epicures than that of other varieties.

The Gascon or la Caussade fowl is a French variety, demanding some attention. The hen is of small size and round figure, and her plumage is entirely black, and the claws are short and of a bluish gray; she is hardy and a good layer. The cock is rather quarrelsome, and although mostly black has white or yellow-red feathers upon his neck, back, and tail. Both sexes have scarlet crest and wattles. It is believed that if the breed were absolutely pure the cocks would also be entirely black like the hens.

Wyandottes were exhibited, but do not seem to be much appreciated in France, though they might be were there not already so many native races there. Fokshams and Phoenix fowl were also shown as well as game fowl and bantams.

TURKEYS.-Very few were shown, but there were some good specimens of the black, bronze-colored, and white varieties. The hens, however, were all rather old.

GEESE.—The show of geese was large and fine, the principal variety being the Toulouse.

DUCKS. The show of ducks was also interesting, the principal varieties being the Rouen, Aylesbury, Labrador, and Pekin. The