The ordinary Cleft or Shoulder-graft.-The common shouldergraft (Fig. 119) is chiefly used in the case of stocks which are too large for whip-grafting. The earth is removed sufficiently to expose

the vine's roots, as shown in the figure, and the stock is cut just below the surface of the soil. A wedge is used to keep the cleft open dur

ing the insertion of the scion. In case of stocks of small diameter the cleft is made with a knife in one side only, or sufficient pressure is obtained by first wrapping the stock.

Full Shoulder-graft.-The full shoulder-graft (Fig. 120) is only used for young plants for which a graft or scion of the same diameter as the stock can be obtained; and on account of the ease with which it is made it ranks next to the whip-graft in popularity, and if carefully made gives fully as good results as the latter graft. There is always danger, however, of splitting the stock too deeply, and the English or whip-graft is therefore generally preferred.

The English Whip-graft.-The application of this graft to the vine in France practically dates from the beginning of the use of American stocks to reconstruct vineyards destroyed by the Phylloxera, and

1

FIG. 122.-The French whip-graft. (From Portes et Ruyssen.)

the best results in this direction are obtained by its use. The ordinary whip-graft is shown in the annexed figure (Fig. 121), but as applied to the vine French vineyardists have found it necessary to modify it slightly. Experience has demonstrated that the long slanting cut and long narrow tongue of the graft as commonly made dries readily, and hence no union takes place; and also that the graft is apt to loosen even with careful handling.

As perfected by French viticulturists the graft is made as follows: Having selected a scion of the same diameter as the stock, the two are cut with a knife by hand or with a machine made for the purpose

at the same inclination or at an angle of 16° to 18°. The cleft should originate at a fixed distance above the center of the oblique cut on the stock or at the same distance below the center on the scion, and should not be more than one-seventh the length of the oblique cut.

It is necessary, in fact, that when the two interior tongues have each penetrated to the bottom of the cleft, the upper and lower extremities of the oblique cut should exactly coincide; and when this is done the two parts of the graft adhere perfectly and strongly without being wrapped.

A slight inconvenience arises from the necessity of selecting stock and graft of the same diameter, which can not well exceed 6 to 7 millimeter, to obtain the best results. This graft is used with American stocks of one year's growth, and in the vigor of the plants obtained and in the large percentage of successful grafts, results far better than any other system, and is justly popular in France.

FIG. 123.-Pontois graft.
(From Foëx.)

FIG. 124. The Champin graft.
(From Foëx.)

The manner of making this graft is better shown in the accompanying figure (Fig. 122).

The other forms of grafting mentioned above are comparatively seldom used and are not particularly important in this connection. They may be briefly described as follows:

The Pontois Graft.-This graft, shown at Fig. 123, was proposed as a substitute for the cleft graft, from which it differs in that instead of splitting the stock a triangular piece is cut from one side with a knife or special gouge. The scion is made to fit this cut exactly. This graft has not given as good results as the common cleft-graft, and has been practically abandoned or replaced by the form of the cleft-graft already described and shown at Fig. 119 b.

The Champin Graft.-This graft is a modification of the whip graft, and the manner of making it is sufficiently indicated in the annexed figure (Fig. 124). It has the inconvenience of presenting two heels, of which the lower one (b), belonging to the scion, gen

erally emits roots, and the upper one (a) excrescences which interfere with the union of the stock and scion.

The Saddle-graft.-Two forms of this graft are shown at Fig. 125; a represents the common form and b a modification known as the Camuset graft. The serious objection to both of these grafts in the case of their use with American stocks is the tendency to form roots subject to Phylloxera attack, at the heels of the scion, and this has led to their general abandonment by French vineyardists.

The Heel-graft, Fermaud Graft, and the Cutting or Slip-graft are all similar, and are only used when it is desired to give the graft or cutting temporary support until it shall have grown roots of its own. These methods are employed frequently in multiplying American vines, and can only be employed in soil rich enough to support new stock at the very spot where the old vine grew.

The nature of the grafts is shown sufficiently well in the accompanying illustration of the heel-graft (Fig. 126).

TOOLS EMPLOYED IN GRAFTING.

COMMON IMPLEMENTS.

0.012

DTH

.0.35.

The saw, hammer, and chisel used by the French grafter are figured below (Fig. 127). The hammer is constructed to be employed also as a pick, with which to clear away the soil from the stock. Knives of various forms are the ordinary grafting implements in France, as everywhere else, and a number of the common styles are herewith shown (Fig. 128). The French have invented, however, a considerable number of machines.

40%.............

.40..............

0.025

which are intended to take the FIG. 127.-Grafting saw, hammer, and chisel.

(From Foëx.)

place somewhat of the skilled workman with a simple knife. Some of these are very complex and others comparatively simple. Few of them have come into very gen

Pirnaische Str.23.

de S. Kunde & Sohn, Dresden.

de S.Kunde & Sohn, Dresden

Greffoir Kunde.

eral use, for the reason that they are costly, and that it is not possible to do better or faster work with them than with the grafting knife always ready in the pocket of the vineyardist.

The Prades Knife.-Before taking up the more elaborate implements, attention is drawn to the Prades knife (Fig. 129) already shown in part in Fig. 122. It is intended to be used in making the whip-graft, and the back of the blade is graduated to afford a means of determining the point at which to begin the longitudinal cleft, as shown in Fig. 122. This knife is FIG. 128.-Grafting knives employed in France. employed in connection with what (From Sahut.)

FIG. 129.-The Prades grafting knife. (From Portes et Ruyssen.)

FIG. 130.--The Prades grafting guide. (From Portes et Reyssen.)