after a novitiate of one or two years are able to direct a farm. The school at Mont-sur-Marchiennes is of this description.

Courses of lectures upon agronomic subjects are given in twentyseven of the intermediate schools of the State.

Superior instruction is represented by the State Agricultural Institute at Gembloux and by a superior school of agriculture attached to the university at Louvain.

Special instruction is represented by horticultural schools at Ghent, Vilvorde, and Carlsbourg, and by a veterinary school at Cureghem.

Practical instruction is also given. Agronomic lectures have been given for many years, but have greatly increased since the establishment of a State agronomic corps. The members of this corps, living as they do among the rural population, are able to render important service.

Agricultural courses for adults have lately been organized in the more important communes and give instruction adapted to the needs of their respective regions. Lectures upon horticulture have

also been successful.

In 1888 a special course upon brewing was instituted at Louvain, and a brewing school was opened at Ghent, after the model of similar schools in Germany and Austria.

GERMANY.

Beyond two or three isolated contributors from Alsace there were no exhibits from Germany, though in few other counties are there to be found more effectual methods of agricultural instruction and experiment. At the international congress Professor M. Keyser read, however, an interesting paper on some phases of German instruction which are sufficiently characteristic to justify the following summary.

Germany, one of the largest beer-producing and beer-consuming countries, has taken active part in the development of this industry and in instruction in connection therewith. The first lectures upon brewing were given at Schleisheim about 1824, and from these the first brewing school arose, which, having been transferred to Weihenstephan, is now one of the best of such schools.

Since 1860 several similar schools have been formed-one at Worms in 1860, and another in the same town in 1865, one at Augsburg in 1869, and finally one at Munich in 1882.

These schools all have the same object, which is to afford theoretic instruction for brewers and to perfect chemical specialists in this art. The schools are all founded by private enterprise except that at Weihenstephan, which belongs to the State. The instruction is both theoretical and practical, but generally lasts for only three or four months.

Taking the State school as a model, the instruction comprises mathematics, applied geometry, mechanics, physics, general chemistry, brewing (properly so called), study of fermentation, special study of constituents employed, botany, construction and materials of breweries, administration, accounts, legislation, hippology, and manipulation. Practice in brewing is also given, together with lectures and excursions. In addition pupils may follow the various operations of brewing from first to last, either in the great Bavarian State brewery or at small experimental breweries attached to the various schools.

There are generally seven or eight professors at each school, while the number of pupils varies from fifty to one hundred. Examinations are passed before a board composed of professors and brewers. At Worms the examination takes the form of the complete brewing of a beer, the process, degree of concentration, and color being indicated. For admission pupils must be 18 years of age and must have all the instruction required for German military service.

Brewing laboratories were instituted at Munich and at Weihenstephan in 1866. These have a two-fold object, first to perfect brewing and malting by scientific research and to further the interests of brewers by the analysis of materials and of products and by the trial of new apparatus; secondly, to give counsel in the case of accidents and to train pupils by teaching them rational methods and explaining the philosophy of different operations.

There are also laboratories at Berlin, Nuremberg, and Hohenheim. That at Berlin was created by a society in 1882, and in 1888 it was converted into a laboratory for instruction, where courses of three months' duration are given upon malting and other branches. The ministry of agriculture has allowed a subvention of 225,000 marks ($56,250) for the installation of a model brewery at this school. The fermentation laboratory at Hohenheim was created in 1889 and is furnished with all apparatus necessary for making investigations in brewing and distillation. Materials are analyzed there, and any brewer or distiller of Wurtemburg may come there to analyze his material with the aid of the director.

Schools for the Sugar Industry.-There are two of these in Germany: one at Brunswick, dating from 1876, the other at Magdeburg. Both were founded by private enterprise.

The school at Brunswick has for its object the training of sugar manufacturers by means of appropriate instruction and practical manipulation. The subjects taught are physics, general and analytical chemistry, sugar-making, the production of sugar beets, the study of fertilizers, applied geometry, arithmetic, the setting up of steam boilers, the construction and conduct of sugar refineries, etc. The instruction lasts for four months and commences at the end of the sugar season, so that manufacturers may avail themselves of it. A certificate of proficiency is given.

The sugar laboratory at Berlin is in reality a school and is carried on by a society. It makes scientific investigations and gives theoretical and practical instruction. The conditions for admission are the instruction required for military service and six months' service in a sugar factory or refinery. The instruction comprises lectures in general chemistry and in sugar technology and practical use of apparatus. The State furnishes the buildings and furniture, while the society furnishes apparatus, material, and gas.

Distilling and Starch-making. -Instruction in these branches is given in special laboratories. The distillation laboratory at Berlin was founded in 1874 by the association of distillers of the Empire. The State furnishes the buildings. Lectures are given upon starchmaking as well as upon distilling, fermentation, and yeast-making. The same association has also created a similar laboratory at Insterburg, in eastern Prussia. Those who attend the lectures at these schools also visit distilleries and starch factories and thus get practical instruction.

GREAT BRITAIN.

In England the system is similar to that in Scotland, except that agricultural courses are not generally given at the universities. At Oxford, however, there is a special but limited course in rural economy. Prof. Th. Jamieson presented an excellent statement of the present status of agricultural instruction in England, and to this I am indebted for the chief facts. There are in England three agricultural colleges, though none of them are as extensive as some of ours. They are at Cirencester, Downton, and Aspatria. At Cirencester, which is the oldest and most complete, the pupils are mostly sons of landowners, and there are laboratories and experiment fields. At the other two colleges the pupils are rather sons of farmers. Downton is the larger of the two and has laboratories and fields as at Cirencester, which do not exist at Aspatria.

Establishments for research exist to the number of five: one of these is that of the Royal Agricultural Society at Woburn, and of the others the celebrated experiment station at Rothampstead, established by the private liberality of Sir J. B. Lawes, is the most important. The other three are in Sussex.

Up to the present time (1889) the only aid afforded by the State to agricultural instruction has been in slight subsidies distributed by the Science and Art Department at South Kensington to such common schools in the United Kingdom, 332 in number, as include agronomic subjects in their curriculum. The State also remunerates a professor at London who instructs country teachers in similar branches, and it also gives £150 to the agricultural professor at Edinburg. In 1889 the Government voted £5,000 for the encouragement of agricultural instruction, especially in the matter of dairy work.

In Scotland there are no agricultural institutions, properly so called, but instruction in agriculture is given at the universities of Aberdeen and Edinburg and also at Anderson College, Glasgow. In primary or intermediate schools theoretical and elementary instruction is given under the direction of the Science and Art Department.

At Aberdeen the instruction consists mainly of natural sciences applied to farming, with practical demonstration and visits to the agronomic station. At Edinburg the course is more specialized and there are also separate chemical courses and visits to farms. At Anderson College the course is held in the evening, this being supplemented by visits to farms. At each of the two universities there is one professor, while at Anderson there are two. Pupils are admitted without examination, and are for the most part school teachers or students who are fitting at the universities for teaching in country schools, or again sons of farmers. There are about 50 pupils at each school, and in general they have previously received only the ordinary high school education. Certificates or diplomas are issued by each institution.

In general it may be said that agricultural instruction languishes in Scotland, since farmers do not understand the necessity for it and since the Government does not give it adequate support.

There are three agronomic stations in Scotland, one near Aberdeen and two near Edinburg. There are, however, no laboratories which make public analyses. Agricultural chemists perform analyses privately for varying fees and without concerted method, and there is no regular control or system. Fertilizers are sold on warranty, and here and there associations of farmers are formed to take samples of fertilizers for analysis. There are no experiment fields except at the above three stations.

LUXEMBURG.

A superior school of agriculture containing about 80 pupils is established at Ettelbrück. The instruction given is purely theoretical, except that excursions are made twice a week to the best farms in the neighborhood. The course of study is two years, but the first year being preparatory, advanced pupils are only required to pursue a two-years course.

In 1888 a course of lectures for adults was organized in some of the rural communes. The normal school at Luxemburg has no agronomic instruction, but efforts are now being made to supply the deficiency and also to render agriculture obligatory in primary schools.

ITALY.

The Kingdom has three superior agricultural schools, one at Milan, one at Pisa, and one at Naples. Professors in the practical schools

and directors of agronomic instruction in the technical schools are chosen from the graduates of these three institutions.

Each province of Italy possesses its practical school, the oldest of which dates back for ten years only. In these the course of instruction is of three years' duration and each has from 30 to 100 hectares of land. It is found that practical instruction is especially important, as in the technical schools, where agriculture is only taught in theory, many graduates afterwards give up their agricultural career. The establishment of a practical school costs the State about 20,000 francs; the expenses of support of the school are borne by the province or by the cities or by local clubs. The expense to each student is only 150 francs annually.

Italy also has special schools for viticulture and for dairy work, and there are five agronomic stations in different parts of the country.

At Padua there is an experimental baccological or sericicultural station, founded in 1871, having for its object the study of the silkworm, its nutrition and diseases, the preparation and dissemination of eggs, the trial of new varieties, and the general supervision over the industry of silk-raising in the Kingdom. An annual credit of 20,000 francs is opened for the station and complete independence is enjoyed. The station has localities for the raising of silkworms, courses of instruction for pupils, laboratories, collections, apparatus for the hibernation of eggs, and a filature.

The normal course of instruction takes place during the spring and is given to men, while a second course has been given in July and August since 1880 for women, and there are about twenty pupils annually in each course. Many of those who receive certificates become raisers of eggs or chiefs of sericicultural observatories; i. e., experimental nurseries dependent upon the station at Padua, and of which there are about sixty in the country. The station publishes annually a large volume of bulletins concerning its work, under the title of Bolletino Mensile di Bachicoltura.

In 1878 Italy produced 37,550,000 kilograms of cocoons, while in 1888 the production was 43,899,000 kilograms. The average yield per ounce (27 grams) of eggs rose in these 10 years from 20 to 32.8 kilograms.

PORTUGAL.

The only exhibit from Portugal was a series of valuable Government bulletins or reports by the minister of public works, commerce, and industry, Emygdio Julio Navarro, from which the following facts are drawn: Agricultural instruction in Portugal was by royal decree in 1886 divided into three grades-superior, secondary, and elementary-and appropriate schools have been established for each grade.