For thirteen years (1873-1886) the school furnished to the English Indies their best forestry service.

By virtue of an agreement concluded with Belgium in 1876, the school furnishes professional instruction to Belgian aspirants in forestry, recruited from the agricultural schools at Gembloux and Lourain.

A decree of July 9, 1889, nominated a commission charged with harmonizing and simplifying programmes of study according to a new mode of recruiting.

Experiment Station instituted at the National Forestry School.This station, annexed to the school in April, 1882, placed under the care of the director of the school, was created by a decree of February 27, 1882, and only consists of an agent, of the grade of adjoint inspector, with one brigadier. Its experiment field contains 2,536 hectares of forest. Two decrees (October 15, 1885, and November 12, 1887) added to its domain 106 hectares of pine woods situated in the Vosges. A second agent of the rank of garde-general was added to the director by a decree of June 24, 1886. This station has to study by experiment any forestry questions which are as yet obscure or doubtful, and also to come to the aid of the theoretical instruction of the school by allowing the professors to give the pupils practical lessons in the forests of the experimental fields.

The four sorts of work devolving upon the personnel of the station are as follows: (1) Technical management of forests, or of that portion of the forests composing the special experiment field of the establishment; (2) Technical management of the forest nursery at Bellefontaine; (3) Observations of comparative meteorology, agricultural and for forestry; (4) Forestry researches, properly so called. Practical School of Sylviculture.-A decree of January 14, 1888, instituted upon the domain of Barres-Vilmorin, in the commune of Nogent-sur-Vernisson (Loiret), a practical school of sylviculture having for its object to form private guards, agricultural and forestry keepers, and to give good professional instruction to young men who wish to follow this sort of employment.

The school receives internes and demi-pensioners. The price of board is 600 francs per annum and that of half-board 300 francs, payable in advance by tenths. Besides the price of board the pupils must at their entrance pay a sum of 100 francs as a guaranty for the payment of their uniforms and the replacing or mending of objects broken.

The duration of the course is two years, the course commencing October 15 and ending August 15. The instruction is both theoretical and practical.

The practical instruction consists of the work of cultivation upon the domain and in its nurseries, laboratory courses, exercises in topography, and also excursions in the forest of Montargis, where the pupils take part in all the operations relative to wood-cutting.

The theoretical instruction comprises: (1) General agriculture; (2) Elements of sylviculture management of wood, etc.; summary idea of management especially of underwood; (3) Elements of forestry law and ideas upon the administrative organization of France; laws of the chase; conduct of lawsuits and prosecutions; (4) Elements of forestry botany; (5) Arboriculture and viticulture; (6) History and geography; (7) Arithmetic and elementary geometry; (8) Topography and linear drawing; (9) French language, writing reports; (10) Physics, meteorology, and chemistry applied to agriculture; (11) Agricultural book-keeping; (12) Military exercise.

VETERINARY INSTRUCTION.

Bourgelat was the true founder of veterinary schools. He was born at Lyons in 1712, and if he was not the first who wrote upon veterinary medicine he has the distinction of having conceived the idea of regularly teaching it and of giving it all desirable extension. In 1740 he obtained the position of equerry, and also a commission for exercising this office, in which he established himself in August of that year, the consulate of the city of Lyons allowing him a salary of 1,000 livres for instructing young men in the art of equitation and for giving other necessary instruction. In the same year, 1740, he published a treatise upon cavalry, and ten years later he published his "Elements d'Hippiatrique," or "New Principles of the Knowledge and the Medicine of Horses."

From 1740 to 1761 Bourgelat continually cherished the hope of founding a school where instruction might be given in anatomy, therapeutics and farriery to young men who might, by their profession, be called upon to care for animals.

Bertin, comptroller of finances, wished to place Bourgelat at the head of a haras in Lorraine, but abandoned that idea when he obtained from Louis XV authority and funds for opening a veterinary school at Lyons, in 1761. By this authority a sum of 678,000 francs was accorded to Bourgelat as an estimate of the expenses which the establishment and instruction of such a school might require.

During the Revolution all such schools were under the direction of the Committee of Agriculture and Arts." The law of 1819 placed them under that of the Minister of the Interior until 1828, when they become attached to the Ministry of Commerce, and finally, after various changes, were permanently attached to the Ministry of Agriculture in 1882.

The course of study at the veterinary schools is as follows: (1) Anatomy of domestic animals, general and external anatomy of the horse. (2) Physiology of domestic animals, teratology, general therapeutics. (3) Physics, meteorology, chemistry, pharmacy, toxicology. (4) Pathology of contagious diseases, sanitary police,

inspection of meats and of abattoirs, legal medicine, and veterinary jurisprudence. (5) General and medical pathology, pathologic anatomy, and clinics. (6) Surgical pathology, manual operations, obstetrics, farriery, and clinics. (7) Natural history (zoölogy, botany, geology), materia medica. (8) Hygiene and zoötechny. (9) French literature, French and German languages.

These schools receive both boarding pupils, demi-pensioners, and day pupils. The boarders pay 600 francs for the school year, the others paying 400 and 200, respectively. In addition each pupil is required to pay 30 francs as an indemnity for objects broken, etc. Bonuses are instituted in favor of those pupils whose parents are poor. Foreign pupils are admitted as freely as French. Admission is procured only after an examination, which, however, may be dispensed with by candidates holding degrees of bachelor of arts or of sciences, or a diploma of special secondary instruction, or diplomas of the National Agronomic Institute, or of any one of the national schools of agriculture. Candidates must be between the ages of 17 and 25, and must show (as is usual throughout France in all similar matters) their acte de naissance, and certificates of vaccination and of good moral character. Any candidate failing in examination for entrance may not be examined again for a full year.

The veterinary School at Lyons.-As we have seen, this school was founded in 1761 by Bourgelat, in connection with the riding school at Lyons. It did not prosper until, in June, 1764, Louis XV decided that it should thenceforth be called the Royal Veterinary School, and a regular subsidy, derived from the earnings of the fiacres of Lyons, was also allotted to it. After various vicissitudes the school became a national establishment in April, 1793. Twenty bourses were created, which were suppressed in 1825, but reëstablished in 1876.

Since 1871 over 130,000 francs have been devoted by the ministry of agriculture to the improvement of this school. The duration of the course is four years. The number of professors was at first two, then four in 1790, then five from 1796 to 1866, and eight since 1881. From 1813 to 1825 the school gave the diploma of Maréchal Vétérinaire, but from that time it gave that of veterinary surgeon. In 1811 the text of the diploma was so modified as to give it a character analogous to those given by the ministry of public instruction.

Veterinary School at Alfort.-On June 1, 1764, Bourgelat was appointed director and inspector general of the Royal Veterinary School at Lyons, and of all similar schools then established or to be established in the kingdom. At that time the Château at Alfort, close by Paris, and belonging to Baron Bornier, was purchased by the crown to found a veterinary school. Bourgelat was called upon to take charge of the installation of this new school, and great prod igality was shown in its furnishing, so that by 1787 its expenses had

caused a deficit of 374,000 francs.

The cavalry commission was required to support 20 pupils, according to a decree of 1793, and in 1825 an ordinance sent all military scholarships there.

School of the Haras.-This school, reëstablished at Pin (Orne) by a decree dated May 29, 1874, is placed by the same decree under the command of the director of the Stallion Dépôt at Pin.

The instruction is divided into eight classes, viz: (1) Hippic Science; (2) Administration and Care of Establishments, Administrative Account-keeping; (3) Theory and Practice of Equitation, Harnessing and Horse-training; (4) Zoötechny, Anatomy, Physiology, Hygiene, and Externals of the Horse; (5) Pathology and Farriery; (6) Vegetable Physiology, Theoretical and Practical Agriculture, Forage Botany; (7) Drawing; (8) English and German Languages. The number of pupils admitted each year is nine at the most; they must be between the ages of 18 and 24, and are only admitted by examination. The instruction is gratuitous and the course of study occupies two years, examinations being held each half year. Pupils who receive diplomas are given positions in the establishments of the Haras Administration as surveillants stagiaires, or tyros, without pay. They are made full surveillants according to rank, as vacancies occur. Students who have received diplomas from the Agronomic Institute or from the Veterinary school are admitted to this school without examination.

PART II.-FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

AUSTRIA.

An Institute of Sericiculture was founded at Görz or Gorizia in January, 1869, its objects, as stated in its programme, being: (1) To establish the essential conditions of health of silkworms and those of improvement of yields; (2) to seek the best method of procuring healthy eggs in sufficient quantities; (3) to investigate the causes of prevailing diseases among silkworms; (4) to test new species of silkworms; (5) to disseminate practical instruction and advice. Prof. Haberlandt was director of the station from 1869 to 1872, and was succeeded by Prof. Bolle.

The Institute receives pupils of over 20 years of age who have already had some instruction in sericiculture. The course of instruction occupies only five or six weeks, and certificates of proficiency are given after a final examination. About thirty pupils are received annually, mostly coming from the Austrian shores of the Adriatic.

From 1869 to 1889 in the Austrian silk-raising regions the production of cocoons increased from 80,000 to 650,000 kilograms, while in Hungary, where it was but 7,500 kilograms in 1879, it had increased to 700,000 in 1889.

There are two brewing schools, one at Mödling, near Vienna, and one at Prague, both founded in 1869. There is also a laboratory for brewing investigations at Vienna, created in 1887. The school at Mödling is a Government one, the other two being private institu tions. They are all well fitted out, and are fully equal to the best similar institutions in Germany.

The same has been done for the sugar industry, one school having been founded at Vienna in 1870, and one at Prague in 1875.

There is also a distillery laboratory at Atzgersdorf, near Vienna, and a school of distillery at Prague. At the latter the instruction given is upon the formation of alcohol, the study of fermentation, mechanics, the study of steam boilers and their construction and installation, etc., while practical instruction is given in a large private distillery through the courtesy of the proprietor Instruction generally lasts four months and costs only 80 florins ($40). A diploma is given after examination.

Nomadic instruction in apiculture is customary in Austria. And to the Superior Agricultural School at Vienna there is attached a forestry institute.

HUNGARY.*

This country claims to be the birthplace of agricultural instruc tion, a school having been founded there as early as 1786. This was followed in 1797 by a famous school, the "Georgicon," and in 1818 by the institute at Magyar-Ovár. In the first and last of these three schools the instruction was rather empirical in its nature, but in the Georgicon, at Keszthely, great care was taken. The professors were sent to travel in foreign lands to keep pace with foreign progress, and the best methods of instruction were constantly sought. In 1848 the war broke up the Georgicon, its students all departing for the field; the other two schools continued their courses, however, but in the German language, and there was no school giving agricultural instruction in the Hungarian tongue until 1865, when an institute was founded at Keszthely, the locality of the old Georgicon. Similar establishments were created at Debreczin in 1867, and at Kolozs-Monostor in 1868, and finally in 1875 a superior establishment was formed at Kassa.

Primary agricultural schools were also formed from 1883 to 1888. and there is now a sufficiency of schools of all grades to meet the agricultural requirements of the country. They are under the direction of the State which takes solicitous care of them, though it is curious that no exhibit of their work was to be seen at the Exposition.

*For this review of agricultural instruction in Hungary I am almost entirely indebted to a paper read before the agricultural Congress at Paris, 1889, by Bela Tormay.