The Servian exhibit also contained beans, peas, lentils, and other dried vegetables, of which there was a large and varied assortment. The bean is the most generally cultivated vegetable, and forms a large part of the diet of the peasant. It is rarely cultivated in gardens, but in open fields, and often in the same field with maize, as in Roumania. Out of 138 exhibits in this class there are 87 of beans of various sorts. Peas and lentils are not very extensively cultivated. Many other vegetables are grown in Servia, notably potatoes, onions, tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbages, eggplants, melons, and watermelons. A fine show of pimentoes was made. It is said that the peasants feed them to their cattle. Walnuts and large chestnuts were also exhibited, and there was a small collection of preserved fruits.

Servia made a particularly fine cereal display. Maize is the prin cipal cereal of the country, and is extensively used by the peasants both for food for themselves and for forage for their cattle and swine. A little maize is also used for distillation. The maize exhibited was all of good quality and resembled that of Roumania, though not quite so fine. There were several varieties, the one generally preferred being a yellow maize of eight, ten, or twelve rows of kernels, which is relatively the most productive and contains the greatest amount of nourishment. This variety requires about 150 days for complete vegetation, and is not therefore adapted to the mountainous districts, but is replaced there by a smaller, yellow variety resembling the Italian pignalette. A large, white variety was also shown.

Wheat comes next in importance to maize, and is much exported to Austria and Hungary, and especially to Germany. France has also commenced to buy Servian flour, though as yet but little of it is produced. Winter and summer wheats are grown, and both were exhibited; of summer wheats there are two varieties, one red and one white. Winter and summer barley and naked barley (Hordeum nudum) are grown, the latter in small quantities only; also oats, épautre, buckweat, and millet. Épautre (Triticum spelta) is the least cultivated of the cereals and is only used for cattle as a succedaneum to barley. Buckwheat and millet are also given to cattle and poultry, the former being used to some extent in the household.

In 1888 there were 380,000 hectares sown with maize; 225,000 with wheat; 65,000 with rye; 65,000 with oats, and but 10,000 with épau tre. About 14,000 hectares were sown with hemp and flax, the former predominating; other textile plants are not cultivated, although the climate is favorable to them. Experiments have been made with the sugar beet in certain localities, but its culture is not as yet extensive.

SPAIN AND COLONIES.

Spain had a large and rather good exhibit in Class 71, consisting of olives of superior quality, preserved cauliflower, tomatoes and pimentoes, etc., also of capers in vinegar; there was also a show of beans of many sorts, peas, lentils, hemp seed, turnip seed, canary seed, alfalfa seed, almond and other nuts. The cereal show was a good one, but in its show of olive oils Spain was entirely outdone by Portugal. Some of the weights of various cereals, etc., were stated as follows:

Of the Spanish colonies Cuba sent cigars and tobacco, sugar and coffee; Rorto Rico sent maize, millet, rice, yucca flour, also starch, beans, peas, fruits, sugar in all grades, coffee, cacao, cinnamon, etc., and the Philippine Islands sent the same articles, also hemp and tobacco, both in leaf and as cigars.

SWITZERLAND.

This country had but a single exhibit in class 71, consisting of dried vegetables prepared for julienne, dried and ground potatoes, etc., of no great merit. There was no exhibit at all of cereals or vegetables, and but few of machines. In fact, the whole exhibit was poor in agriculture, when a much better show might have been made.

In 1880 there were 1,168,137 persons in Switzerland engaged in agriculture, being 41 per cent of the population; this shows an increase in numbers but a decrease in percentage since 1870, when 1,156,955 were so engaged, or 43 per cent. The amount of capital now invested in agriculture in the country is 3,420,000,000 francs, of which 570,000,000 are for buildings. The total yield of crops, cattle, etc., is about 400,000,000 francs. The area occupied by fields, prairies, and gardens is 2,143,000 hectares, pastures included, while vineyards occupy 34,530 hectares. The yield of cereals is estimated at 3,000,000 quintaux métriques, of a value of 70,000,000 francs, which suffices for about half the consumption of the country only. There are 4,600 Alpine pastures, or sufficient for 270,000 head of cattle, and the value of these pastures is about 77,000,000 francs, their yield being 11,000,000 francs. The viticulture of the country produces 1,150,000 hectoliters of wine, valued at about 45,000,000 francs. In 1888 there were exported 908,000 hectoliters, valued at 28,000,000

francs. There are 13,500,000 fruit trees, giving 3,500,000 quintaux of fruit, valued at 21,000,000 francs. Cattle insurance in Switzerland amounted to about 16,000 francs in 1888.

AFRICAN AND ASIATIC COUNTRIES.

EGYPT.

This country had one exhibit of dates, lemons, and pistachios, which were for sale in the bazaars. There was also a poor show of wheat, barley, fèves, peas, lentils, flour, sugar cane, and crude and refined sugar. No information was obtainable.

THE SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC.

This enterprising country made a small but most creditable exhibit in a pavilion of its own upon the Quai d'Orsay. The Govern ment at Pretoria sent a collective exhibit consisting of some particularly fine samples of wheat, épautre, oats, barley, rye, sorghum, peanuts, manna, and flour, also of fine dried beans and peas including a native variety of very small green peas, dried fruits, such as apricots, peaches, pears, and quinces, all of good quality, and, finally, of teas and coffees. A curiosity is root coffee (Cappris albitrunca) native to the country. Several private exhibitors also showed cereals, including maize, the latter being mostly white, with a few yellow samples, and all of it having an opaque look, though otherwise of fair quality. Maize flour (Indian meal) was also shown. Some of the wheat, especially the Bengal, was of very large grain, while the rye was even larger. Good leaf tobacco was also exhibited.

This Republic ought to be the granary of southern Africa, since no other part of that region possesses a soil better adapted for certain crops, but the agricultural population is too small, there being but 30,000 boors in a territory nearly as large as France. These boors only cultivate what is necessary for their own use, and as distances are great between the points of production and the market, as roads and means of transport are poor, and as water is often scarce, agriculture does not prosper greatly. Better railroad communication would greatly help it.

As to particular crops, cereals grow well in almost all districts and give two harvests a year. A Potchefstroom tobacco, the vine, fruit trees, and all vegetables of the temperate zone thrive well. In the northern part of the Pretoria district coffee and the sugar cane may be successfully grown. The district of Rustenburg is the richest agricultural part of the country, and besides cereals and the products above mentioned, tea, bananas, figs, oranges, lemons, almonds, and mandarins are cultivated; this last fruit there attains the size of an ordinary orange. Cotton and indigo are grown in some districts and good pasture lands are common. One district, Marico, produces fine peanuts.

Many of the above crops grow wild in certain places, as tea and indigo, also textiles; hemp also grows almost everywhere, but is hardly cultivated, its greatest use being by the natives for smoking like tobacco. Cattle are extensively raised, Angora goats doing especially well.

Notwithstanding this great fertility of its soil, the South African Republic does not produce enough cereals to supply home consumption, and is obliged to import from neighboring colonies and from Australia. In 1888 there were 34,795 kilos of maize and sorghum, 464,500 kilos of rice, and 2,790 of oats imported, as well as 301,450 kilos of flour, 766,132 of coffee, 2,334,725 of sugar, 126,300 of tea, and tobacco both in leaf and manufactured. Much traffic goes on with England, France, Holland, and Germany, and but little with the United States. Gold is the principal article of export, and after this hides.

JAPAN.

The ministry of agriculture and of commerce of this country, together with several private exhibitors, made very interesting exhibits of agricultural products, and some fine samples of rice, barley, wheat, and other grains were shown.

The exhibit in class 71 was particularly interesting; beside the Government exhibit there were fifteen private ones and eleven of these exhibits contained soja or daizon. The soja (Glycine hispida) is a leguminous plant closely resembling the pea, and is one of the principal vegetables in use among the Japanese, who employ it in various ways; kóritófou, or cheese of the soja, is a sort of alimentary paste, prepared by coagulation and freezing. The soja is also grown to a small extent in France, and was exhibited in a collective exhibit from the départment de l'Aube. Its grain contains very little amylaceous matter (starch) and sugar, and is therefore particularly adapted for food for diabetic patients, while it also contains much nitrogenous matter and phosphoric acid, which renders it very nutritive.

Another vegetable much used in Japan is the azouki (Phaseolus radiatus), a sort of bean. Dried prunes, anzous (Prunus armeniaca), were also shown and were of good quality. There was a fine exhibit of dried ginger. Raisins, nuts, peanuts, preserved bamboo sprouts, etc., were also shown, and the whole display was a good one.

PERSIA.

The Persian Empire had a small and very poor show of beans, peas, seeds, tobacco, opium, indigo leaves (but not manufactured indigo), cucumber seed, pickles, etc., with no catalogue and no information. A better exhibit was made of wines, but the whole Persian section

was more of a bazaar than an exposition, and the same might be said of the Egyptian, Chinese, and Indian exhibits.

SIAM.

In one corner of its section was a small exhibit of rice, very poor maize, beans and peas, and fruits preserved in liquid. There was no information to be had.

THE SANDWICH ISLANDS.

This country, exhibiting in a small but handsome pavilion of its own, had a fair display of its products, principally consisting of rice and paddy, and also of taro flour, while there were small exhibits of sugar, coffee, and tobacco. The Hawaiian Archipelago contains 6,677 square miles of territory, being somewhat smaller than the State of New Jersey (7,445 square miles). The soil being of volcanic nature, and the volcanoes being still active, much of its territory is not available for agriculture; there are, however, 200,000 acres of cultivated land, of which 150,000 are well adapted to sugar-cane growing. By its climate the country is eminently fitted for cultivation, and, although great improvement might still be made, agriculture has made great strides since the introduction of civilization, in 1778.

The principal products of the country are sugar, taro, rice, and coffee, that of sugar being the most important. In 1889 there were 64 sugar factories, employing 16,000 workmen; in 1888 the production of raw sugar was 130,000 tonnes, the greatest part of which was sent to California for refining. (A reciprocity treaty between the United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom, concluded in 1876 and renewed in 1885, allows the free importation of raw sugar into the former country, whereas refined sugar pays high duties.)

Sugar-cane growing has been protected for the last 40 years only. the variety used being not the native one, but having been imported from Tahiti; it succeeds admirably, and by cultivation and change of locality has in reality become a new variety known as the Lahaina cane. As this variety needs a warm climate, and it was desirable to grow cane in colder climates, upon the mountain slopes, four new varieties of cane were imported from Queensland in 1884, and succeeded well at altitudes of from 300 to 500 meters (984 to 1,640 feet).

In 1886 the total exportation of raw sugar was 216,223,615 pounds, of which 216,211,002 pounds went to the United States, 10,663 to other islands of the Pacific, 800 to China, and 1,150 to Europe; in 1887, out of 212,763,647 pounds exported, 212,754,197 went to the United States, 9,200 to the Pacific, and 250 to China. Sugar residues, etc., are not distilled, the Government having determined to combatalcoholism by all possible means.