To complete this subject, we may pursue the aggressive servants. Before the close of the preceding year, a secret progress of Russia a little beyond the present moment. committee had been appointed to inquire into these abuses, Russia, at the intercession of Prussia and Austria, listened and to take the matter out of the hands of government, the to the proposals of Turkey for peace. A congress was company proposed to appoint a number of supervisors to go agreed to be held at Foczani, in Wallachia, in July; there out to India, and settle the causes of complaint. The secret came Gregory Orloff, as the representative of Catherine, committee proposed a bill to prevent this, as a scheme for attended by a retinue of one hundred and sixty domestics merely evading a thorough inquiry and continuing the atroin splendid liveries, and by troops of hussars in equally cities. Burke, who was a holder of India stock, defended splendid uniforms; his own costume was one blaze of jewels the company, and declared that such a bill would annihilate and orders, and on his breast he wore a portrait of his royal the company, and make the house of commons the company mistress set in diamonds; but his demands were so extrava- itself and the speaker its chairman. He reminded them gant, and his demeanour so haughty and dictatorial, that that the company paid to government four hundred thousand the Turks, anxious as they were for peace, indignantly pounds a-year, and that government had connived at the rejected his propositions, and the congress broke up. Orloff, mal-administration which had been carried on. This on his return to St. Petersburg, found himself supplanted in certainly was, so far from a reason against the bill, a reason the royal favour by the still more showy Potemkin; and a why they should connive no longer; and the bill was carried new attempt at negotiation was made betwixt general by a large majority. Romanzoff and the grand vizier at Bucharest, in March, 1773. This was equally in vain; the Russians had meantime agreed with the Tartars for the virtual sovereignty of the Crimea, and they again crossed the Danube and renewed hostilities. The Russians, however, were thoroughly beaten by the Turks, and glad to retreat across the Danube in July, with the loss of ten thousand men. This severe check induced them to listen to fresh terms of peace, and the treaty of Kainardji took place in July, 1774. By this, notwithstanding their late defeats, the Russians obtained most advantageous terms; they obtained the Crimea, under pretence of its being considered an independent state under its khans; Kilburn, Kerche, Jenickala, and the whole region betwixt the Bug and Dnieper were ceded to them. Russia kept Taganrok and Asoph, the two best ports on the Black Sea; and her merchant vessels had free passage of the Dardanelles, with all the privileges of the most favoured nations. Besides these, Russia had established connections with the Greeks in Jassy and Bucharest, which opened the future way for her into Wallachia and Moldavia. CHAPTER V. REIGN OF GEORGE III (continued.) New East India Bill-Lord North's Tea Bill-Case of the "Gaspee" and Covenant-Proceedings in various parts of America-Declaration of -Mission of Richard Penn ill received-Duke of Grafton retires from THE year 1773 opened with an inquiry in parliament into the abuses of the administration of affairs in India. There were great complaints of the wholesale rapacity and oppression perpetrated on the natives by the company's The company was then compelled to reduce its dividends to six per cent. and apply to parliament for a loan of a million and a half to meet its pecuniary difficulties. This, ministers and parliament complied with, and proceeding to relieve the company of its embarrassments, lord North proposed and carried a measure, by which the company, which had no less than seventeen millions pounds of tea in its warehouses, should, without limit of time, be authorised to export its teas to the British colonies of America duty free. This was thought a great and conciliatory boon to the Americans, but it proved otherwise. The import duty of threepence in the pound was still stubbornly retained. and the Americans, looking at the principle of taxation, and not at a mere temptation of a cheapened article, saw through the snare, and indignantly rejected it. The principal tea merchants declared that this would be the case, and that the whole government scheme was wild and visionary. Before there was time, however, for the teas, under th new regulation, to reach America, several minor matter occupied parliament. There were loud complaints made to the commons by Alderman Trecothick, of terrible cruelties practised by our troops and the planters on the Caribs, in the island of St. Vincent, and colonel Barré and Thomas Townshend complained as strongly, that our troops there had been subjected to even worse sufferings than they hal inflicted on the natives. It appeared that generals Wooten and Trapaud, who should have been commanding the troops there, were, much after the fashion of the times, enjoying themselves in England, whilst their soldiers had been perishing from sickness and neglect. On examining in** the circumstances, it appeared that the French, to whom we had restored at the peace of Fontainebleau most of ther West India islands, had repaid us by exciting insurrections in St. Vincent's among the Caribs. To put them down, the campaign had cost us four hundred men, but news new came that the natives had laid down their arms and submitted to our rule. Lord Howe, in February, 1773, brought forward a motion. for a trifling increase of the half-pay of the naval offers during peace. The whole amount of it reached only s thousand pounds per annum, and his lordship showed that there had been no advance of pay since 1715, whilst the value A.D. 1773.] PUBLICATION OF WHATELY'S CORRESPONDENCE. of all articles of life was much increased. Reasonable as the demand was, lord North bluntly opposed it, but it was carried by a large majority against him, and he then assented to the motion. At the same time colonel Barré was most invidiously passed over in brevet promotion; he had been formally dismissed from the service for his parliamentary conduct, but had been permitted to retain his half-pay and nominal rank, and had been assured by lord Barrington that he should receive brevet promotion in due course. On some young officers now being put over his head, by the advice of Pitt he tendered his entire resignation, which was laconically accepted by the king. As Barré had served with distinction in three quarters of the globe, this conduct of the government gave great disgust to all liberal men, as it showed that the ministry calculated on the implicit support of military or naval officers in parliament, or would punish them for any independence. 101 governor, a man of courteous manners and moderate counsels. But even out of Hutchinson's position arose offence. His brothers-in-law, Andrew and Peter Oliver, were appointed lieutenant-governor and chief justice of the province. Lord North thought that the payment of these officers should be in the hands of government, to render them independent of the colonists; but this the colonists resented as an attempt to destroy the charter and establish arbitrary power. The Massachusetts' house of assembly declared on this occasion, in their address to the crown: "We know of no commissioners of his majesty's customs, nor of any revenue that his majesty has a right to establish in North America." They denounced the declaratory act passed at the suggestion of Chatham, and the attempt to make the governors and judges independent of the people, and the arbitrary instruments of the crown. In Virginia the same spirit was conspicuous. Whilst these things were fermenting in America, their faithful agent in England-Benjamin Franklin-was labouring in the same spirit. He published two articles in the The question of the thirty-nine articles was again discussed, and the public was now astonished to find the body of methodists take part with the rigid section of the church," Public Advertiser "-the vehicle of Junius. One was and petition in favour of the maintenance of the articles against the dissenters. The public was not prepared for that display of conservatism which the ministers of the Wesleyan Methodists have always since manifested, and which they have firmly, as an ecclesiastical body, maintained over their own people. In the city, John Wilkes continued his agitation. He endeavoured to incite the corporation to present an address of congratulation to the king on the birth of a princess, the princess in question being a daughter born to the duke of Gloucester by his wife, whom George and the queen had ignored. Failing in this, he succeeded, however, in procuring an address to be presented complaining of the old grievances of the imprisonment of the lord mayor, the Middlesex elections, and praying for a dissolution of parliament and the dismissal of ministers. The king received the address with unconcealed resentment, and did not allow the city dignitaries the luxury of kissing hands. Meantime, the storm was rising in the American colonies again, with symptoms of wrath more ominous than ever. Whilst the ministers fondly fancied they had been conciliating, they had been putting the last touch to the work of alienation. Though there had appeared a lull in American affairs for some time, any one who was observant might have seen that all the old enmities were still working in the colonial mind, and that it would require little irritation to call them forth in even an aggravated form. Lord Hillsborough was no longer governor, but William Legge, lord Dartmouth. He was a man of a high character for upright and candid mind; Richardson said that he would be the perfect ideal of his Sir Charles Grandison, if he were not a methodist; and the poet Cowper, not objecting to his methodism, described him as "one who wears a coronet and prays." But lord Dartmouth, with all his superiority of temper and his piety, could not prevent the then stone-blind cabinet and infatuated king accomplishing the independence of America. Another favourable circumstance would have been found the fact that in Hutchinson, Massachusetts had a native styled "An Edict of the King of Prussia," calling on the English, as a Teutonic colony, to contribute to the Prussian revenue. The other was entitled "Rules for reducing a great Empire to a small one." It compared a great empire to a great cake, which was most easily diminished at the edges; and it recommended England to get rid of her remotest provinces, to make way for the rest following. But these were innocent squibs compared with the bombshell which Franklin now threw into the excited state of Massachusetts. During the years 1767, 1768, and 1769, Mr. Thomas Whately-at one time private secretary to Grenville, and several years under-secretary of state to lord Suffolk, but during these years out of office, and simply member of parliament-had maintained a private correspondence with governor Hutchinson, and his brother-in-law, Andrew Oliver, the lieutenant-governor. In these letters Hutchinson and Oliver had freely expressed to their old friend their views of the state of things in the colony; and, of course, said many things never intended to come to the public eye, or to operate officially. On the death of Whately, in 1772, some villain purloined these letters and conveyed them to Franklin. Who this dishonest firebrand was, was never discovered. Franklin pledged himself to secrecy, both as to the letters and as to the name of the person who so basely obtained them. The name of this person he faithfully kept; but the contents of the letters were too well calculated to create an irreconcilable rancour in the minds of the Americans, for him to resist the pleasure of communicating them to the Massachusetts assembly. He accordingly forwarded them to Mr. Curling, the speaker of the assembly. The whole mode of coming into possession of these papers has something in it revolting to all honourable minds. Franklin, aware of this, insisted that they should not be printed nor made public, but only circulated amongst a select few. But the same motives which had induced Franklin to break his pledged secrecy, operated on the assembly. They determined to make them public, and therefore pretended that other copies of them had reached them from England, and that they were thus absolved from all conditions of secrecy. This was totally false. The story was invented for the occasion, and the letters, without the name of Whately, to whom they had been addressed, were published by the assembly. It was left to be inferred by the public, that they had been sent officially to England by the governor and lieutenant-governor, and the assembly voted the writing of them ample evidence of a fixed design on the part of the English government to destroy the constitution and establish arbitrary power. A petition was dispatched to be presented by Franklin to the king, calling for the removal of Hutchinson and Oliver from their posts. When these letters were read under these false impressions, sentiments were found in them which assumed Oliver, in one, remarked-"If I have written with freedom, I consider I am writing to a friend, and that I am perfectly safe in opening myself to you." The whole of this transaction right-minded Americans would wish to blot from their annals, but they answered the purpose of Franklin, which, it is clear, was now to sever the union betwixt the mother country and colonies at any cost, even of those of honour and upright principle. When these letters were published in America, their real character concealed, and every means taken to represent them as official dispatches to the officers of government in England, the public rage was uncontrollable. A committee was formed to wait on governor Hutchinson, and demand whether he owned the handwriting. Hutchinson freely owned to that, but contended very justly that the letters person. Notwithstanding, the House of Assembly drew up a strong remonstrance to the English government, charging the governor and lieutenant-governor with giving false and malicious information respecting the colony, and demanding their dismissal. a wholly exaggerated character, and the flame produced | were of a thoroughly private character, and to an unoffici... was, as Franklin and the assembly intended, of the most furious kind. In one of them, Hutchinson said, "I doubt whether it is possible to project a system of government, in which a colony, three thousand miles from the parent state, shall enjoy all the liberty of the parent state. I wish the good of the colony when I wish to see some further This remonstrance, accompanied by copies of the letters restraint on liberty, rather than that the connection with themselves, was immediately dispatched over all the colonies. the parent state should be broken." Such sentiments, ad- and everywhere produced, as was intended, the most dressed in strict confidence to a private friend, were innocent violent inflammation of the public mind against England enough, but read as addressed by their governor to the The Bostonians had for some time established what was English cabinet, they appeared most mischievous. Yet called a corresponding committee, whose business it was to there were plenty of evidences in them to have convinced prepare and circulate through the whole of the colonies any calm readers-which the people of Massachusetts were papers calculated to keep alive the indignation against the not-that they were only private confidential observations. English government. This committee quickly was re sponded to by other committees in different places, and soon the plan became an organisation extending to every part of the colonies, even the most remote, by which intelligence and arguments were circulated through all America with wonderful celerity. From this sprang one general tone of feeling, and that tone, it is not to be denied, was essentially revolutionary. Not a man who adhered to the mother country could travel anywhere but his presence was announced from these committees; he was marked, and he was often insulted. 103 Dudingston fired a shot across her bows, and, on her paying no regard to that, gave chase. The packet, however, ran close in shore, and the Gaspee following too eagerly, ran aground. It was on a sandy bottom, and the return of the tide would have lifted her off undamaged; but the smuggling population of Providence put off to her in the night, whilst she lay in a position so as to be incapable of using her guns, surprised, boarded, and set fire to her, carrying the lieutenant and the crew triumphantly on shore. |