unmolested by both parties. On the death of Mulloo Yekbál Khan, in 1405, Mahmood Toghluk removed to Dehly, and Kanouj was taken by Ibrahim Shah, after a short siege. With this consolidation of his dominions the king appeared to have been content, and applied himself with much success to the improvement of the agriculture and civil government of his territory. In 1427 he was engaged in a short but indecisive campaign with Syed Moobaruk, king of Dehly, and in 1435 endeavoured, without effect, to prevent Kalpy falling into the hands of Sooltan Hooshung, of Malwah. These seem to have been the only military events of his reign, which lasted, for the inost part in profound peace and prosperity, for forty Ibrahim years. He died at an advanced age, in 1440.

dies, 1440.

ceeds, 1440.

Frederick III.
emperor of

Germany.
Reprisals

Dies, 1457.

succeeds,

Ibrahim was succeeded by his eldest son, Mahmood, who captured Kalpy in 1444, but restored it, at the instance of Mahmood the Sooltan of Malwah, to its original possessor. In Shah suc 1452 the king endeavoured to possess himself of Dehly, which he besieged; but was obliged to abandon his project on the approach of the Eurperor Bheilole Lody, who pursued him and captured much of his baggage. followed on both sides; and up to the period of the king's death, in 1457, peace had not been concluded between them. Mahmood Shah was succeeded by his eldest son Bheekun, who ascended the throne under the title of Mahomed Mahomed Shah Shurky, and a hollow peace with Dehly Shal Shurky was concluded; but Kootub Khan, the cousin of the 1457. King of Dehly, was not released, which furnished pretexts for a fresh war with Joonpoor. Mahomed was a warlike king, and a man of great personal bravery; but his cruelties at Joonpoor had alienated many persons from him, and his having caused his younger brother Kootub to be put to death, had inspired His cruelties. almost universal detestation of him. His army fell away from him and joined his surviving brothers, his brothers. Hoosein Khan and Julal Khan; upon which Mahomed Shah fled, but was overtaken and killed. The Mahomedan historian relates that the queen-mother, eager to revenge the murder of Kootub Khan, her favourite son, persuaded the armour-bearer of her son Mahomed Shah to remove the points of all the arrows in his quiver; and in this defenceless condition he was put to death.

Defeated by

And killed.

Killed, 1457.

Mahomed Shah's reign, though full of tragic incidents, had only lasted five months. He was succeeded by his brother Hoosein Shah Hoosein, under the title of Hoosein Shah Shurky. The Sharky suc province of Orissa, then governed by a descendant of the ancient local Hindoo dynasty, had been invaded by his father,

ceeds, 1457.

Kanouj taken.

Orissa.

attempts to take Debly.

but without effect; and the king now again attempted its subjection. Invasion of He invaded the province at the head of an army of 30,000 horse and 100,000 foot, and the rajah, being unable to resist so vast a force, submitted at once; but the occupation of the province was not attempted, and the king returned, satisfied with the booty he had obtained. In 1465 Gwalior was attacked, and its rajah forced to pay tribute; and in Hoosein Shah 1473, the king, incited thereto by his wife, Mullika Jehan, a princess of Dehly, aspired to become emperor, and marched against Bheilole Lody, who, at first, endeavoured to make terms with the Shurky king; but his offers being refused in arrogant terms, the emperor marched out of Dehly at the head of such troops as he could hastily assemble, defeated and loses his the Shurky army in three successive actions, and pursued it to Joonpoor, of which, and its dependencies, he took possession. The kingdom was not, however, finally subdued till the reign of Sikunder Lody, son of Bheilole, who annexed it to Dehly in 1476. Hoosein Shah Shurky found refuge with Alla-ood-deen Poorby Hoosein Shah of Bengal, with whom, till his death, he continued kingdom, and to reside, and the dynasty of the Shurky kings ceased with him.

Is defeated,

kingdom.

loses his

in

Bengal.

Gwalior

attacked.

Which is incorporated

with Dehly. Edward IV.

in France.

CHAPTER IX.

OF THE MAHOMEDAN KINGS OF MOOLTAN, THE LUNGA (AFGHAN) DYNASTY, A.D. 1443 TO 1524.

THE accounts of the rulers of the province of Mooltan, from the period of its annexation by the Mahomedans up to the year 1443, are extremely obscure. It appears at one time to have been held as a province of Ghuzny, at others by viceroys from Dehly, and again to have reverted to the Hindoos. In 1443, however, during the troubled reign of Syed Mahomed, king of Dehly, the people of Mooltan, having no viceroy or governor, and suffering under attacks of marauders on all sides,

Sheikh Yoosuf becomes

ruler.

elected Sheikh Yoosuf, a person of good family and high character, to be ruler over them. Among others who tendered their submission was Rái Sehra, an Afghan chief of the Lunga tribe, who offered his daughter in marriage to Sheikh Yoosuf, and the ceremony was performed with great pomp. Rái Sehra had, however, conceived the design of securing Mooltan for himself; and during a visit to his son-in-law, contrived to throw him off his guard and to seize his person. He then caused him

self to be proclaimed king, under the title of Kootub-ood-deen Lunga. This event happened in the year 1445. Sheikh Kootub-oodYoosuf was allowed to proceed to Dehly, where he deen Lunga became the proud guest of the Emperor Bheilole king, 1445. Lody, but made no attempt to recover his position at Mooltan, and Kootub-ood-deen Lunga reigned in peace, till his

Dies, 1469.

death in 1469.

ceeds, 1469.

and dies,

unga sur

ceeds, 1502.

Revolt of his

divides the

His son Hoosein succeeded to the throne, and an attempt was made by the Emperor Bheilole Lody to recover Mooltan Hoosein for Sheikh Yoosuf, by despatching an army under the Lunga sucPrince Burbik and Tartar Khan; but the invasion was bravely repulsed by the Mooltan king; he received no further molestation from the emperor, and after Bheilole's death, King Hoosein sent ambassadors to his son Sikunder Lody, Abdicates. who were honourably received. Towards the close of his reign, the king abdicated in favour of his son Feroze, but this prince having been soon afterwards assassinated, Hoosein resumed his authority, until August 29, 1502, when he But resumes died at an advanced age, having reigned nearly thirty- authority, four years. He was celebrated for his literary attain- 1502. ments, and founded many colleges and schools during his lifetime. On the king's death the heir-apparent, Prince Mah- Mahmood mood, was placed on the throne by the minister, Jám Bayezeed; but proving licentious and dissolute, the minister revolted and endeavoured to possess himself minister, who of a large portion of the kingdom. In this he eventu- kingdom. ally succeeded; the river Ravee (Hydraotes), being decided by Doulut Khan Lody, the governor of the Punjâb, on the part of the Emperor of Dehly, as the boundary between them. In the year 1524 the Emperor Babur directed the viceroy of the Punjab to assume the management of Mooltan affairs, which had become greatly disordered; but before these instructions could be fully carried into effect, King Mahmood Lunga died, in 1524. Dies, 1524, His son, Hoosein Lunga II. was a minor, but he was that of his placed on the throne by the nobles of the State. Mool- dynasty. tan was now invested by Shah Hoosein Arghoon, viceroy of the Punjab, on behalf of the Emperor of Dehly. The garrison Mooltan made a brave resistance, and though in sore distress for provisions, being reduced, according to the letter of a person present in Mooltan, to the historian Ferishta, to eating the dogs and cats of the place,' they refused to surrender the fortress, which was finally taken by escalade, with great slaughter of the people. The young king was confined as a State prisoner, and the Lunga dynasty ceased to exist, the province being annexed to the dominions of the empire of Dehly.

and is the

besieged and

captured, and the province annexed to

Dehly.

deen Kubáchá

CHAPTER X.

OF THE MAHOMEDAN KINGS OF SINDE AND TATTA,
A.D. 1214 TO 1523.

THE earliest Mahomedan invasion of Sinde, by Mahomed Kassim, in A.D. 711, and its result, has been already related in Chap. I. Bk. II., and the history of the province is resumed from that period. After the death of Kassim, the conquests he had made were not maintained by the Arabs, and a Rajpoot

The Sooméra
Rajpoots.

tribe, the Sooméras, established themselves in Sinde, and maintained independence during the progress of the conquest of Mooltan and Guzerat by the Mahomedans, or for about five hundred years; but no genealogical detail of them has been discovered; and except a partial invasion of their territory by the Emperor Mahomed Toghluk, in 1351, the prosecution of which was prevented by his death, the Hindoo princes of Sinde remained unmolested by the Mahomedans of India.

Alexander II.

land.

At various periods, however, in the thirteenth century, Sinde and Mooltan were invaded by Mahomedan leaders from the west, one of whom, Nasir-ood-deen Kubáchá-a Toorky slave of Mahomed Ghoory, king of Ghuzny, and who had married a daughter of King Kootub-ood-deen Eibuk, the successor of Mahomed Ghoory in India -subdued the Sooméras, and declared himself King of Sinde. The date of his assumption of royal dignity does not appear in the Mahomedan history; but, in A.D. 1214, he repelled king of Scot- an attack on his Sinde territories, made from the west, by the forces of the King of Kharizm. In 1217 Nasirood-deen had conquered Sirhind, and endeavoured to possess himself of Lahore, but was defeated by King Shumsh-ood-deen Altmish, of Dehly. His territories, with the whole of the western frontier of India, would probably have fallen before Jelál-ooddeen, the gallant son of the King of Kharizm, who, for awhile, appeared desirous of establishing his independence in India. He had gained most of the Punjab, defeated Nasir-ood-deen in several engagements, and even penetrated as far south as Tatta, on the Indus; but in 1222 he returned to his brother, the King of Irak, and did not renew his connection with India. In 1224-5 Shumsh-ood-deen Altmish, king of Dehly, dispatched an army for tha conquest of Sinde, and Nasir-ood-deen became so straitened in Nasir-ood- consequence, that he was forced to abandon Mooltan and Upper Sinde, and in an attempt to reach the

lower country from the fort of Bukkur, by water, he and his family perished in a storm. Nasir-ood-deen Kub- drowned, áchá had reigned twenty-two years, and left no suc

1224-5.

His dynasty becomes extinct.

cessor.

Jám Afra,

succeeds,

1353.

The next dynasty which arose in Sinde was at first Hindoo, of the Soomána tribe of Rajpoots, entitled Jám, Jí which had risen to power after the decline of the Soomé- DYNASTY. ras, and the intermediate reign of Nasir-ood-deen Kubáchá. After that king's death, in 1224-5, Sinde continued subject to the kings of Dehly until A.D. 1336, when Jám Afra 1336. declared his independence, but died in 1339. Jám Cho- Dies, 1339. bán succeeded him, and it was probably to attack this Jam Choban prince that Mahomed Toghluk made his expedition 1339. from Guzerat into Sinde. Jám Chobán died in 1353, Dies, 1353. and was followed by Jám Bany. Up to this period, Jam Bany, the Sinde State appears to have paid tribute to Dehly; but in 1360, on the refusal of Jám Bany to remit it, and his declaration of entire independence, King Feroze Togh- King Feroze luk invaded Sinde from Guzerat. The Jám was at Toghluk of first successful, inasmuch as the royal army was vades Sinde. obliged to retreat for want of forage; but the campaign being renewed by the king in person, Jám Bany was obliged to submit, and was taken by Feroze Toghluk, honourably, to Dehly, where he was received into favour, restored to his possessions, and reigned till 1367. His brother, Jám Timmajee, Dies, 1367. succeeded him, and reigned till 1380. At the ensuing Jam Timsuccession, the Jám family, hitherto Hindoos, embraced majec, 1367. the Mahomedan faith, though for what reason, or Dies, 1380. under what circumstances, is not mentioned. Their history, indeed, is a mere list of successions, as follows.

Dehly in

Sulah-ood

1391.

Died, 1393.

Jám Sulah-ood-deen, who succeeded Timmajee, died in 1391; Jám Nizam-ood-deen in 1393. Jám Ali Sheer, a benevolent monarch, died, deeply lamented by his deen, 1380. people, in 1409. Jám Girán succeeded, but died on Died, 1391. the second day after his accession; and Jám Futteh Jám NizamKhan, a collateral relation, was elected king, and died ood-deen, in 1423. His younger brother, Jám Toghluk, succeeded him, and died in 1450. During his reign the Viceroy of Guzerat declared independence; and there being no sheer, 1393. actual imperial government in existence at Dehly, Jám Died, 1409. Toghluk entered into relations with Guzerat, and pro- Jám Futreh bably paid tribute. On his death, his kinsman, Jám Khan, 1400. Moobaruk, was placed upon the throne, but almost im- Died, 1423. mediately deposed, and Jám Sikunder succeeded, who Jám Toghluk, died in 1452. He also seems to have left no male

Jám Ali

1423.