Two Lectures on Population: Delivered Before the University of Oxford, in Easter Term, 1828Saunders and Otley, 1828 - 90 страници |
Често срещани думи и фрази
5th of March appears arrêt assignâts attributed average bank Bank of England capital capitalist causes circulation coin commodities consequences corn corn laws crease currency decencies degra diminished dity East India College effect employed England English labour equal exchange existence expense faster than food faster than population foreign France French gold and silver greater habits Hindostan holders hundred quarters import improvement income increase faster Ireland issue of notes issuers labouring classes land landlord Lecture less Lincoln's Inn livres luxuries machinery maintenance of labour Malthus manufacturer mark of silver marriage means of subsistence metallic money millions sterling misery Mississippi scheme moral NASSAU WILLIAM SENIOR nations necessary nominal value number of labourers obtained occasioned ounces of silver paper payment period physical evil positive checks pounds precious metals present probably proportion prudence purchase quantity rate of profit rate of wages rent rise sovereigns specie supply supposed tion whole words worth
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Страница 27 - ... there are few states in which there is not a constant effort in the population to increase beyond the means of subsistence. This constant effort as constantly tends to subject the lower classes of society to distress, and to prevent any great permanent melioration of their condition.
Страница 27 - ... and a greater to the class of capitalists, than had been given before. We might find, for example, that though the absolute quantity of commodities had been doubled, they were the produce of precisely the former quantity of labour. Of every hundred hats, coats, and quarters of corn produced, if The labourers had before .... 25 The landlords 25 And the capitalists 50 100 And if, after these commodities were double the quantity, of every 100 The...
Страница 31 - In almost all countries the condition of the great body of the people is poor and miserable...
Страница 65 - The mine worked by England is the general market of the world : the miners are those who produce those commodities by the exportation of which the precious metals are obtained...
Страница 27 - Wages are to be estimated by their real value, viz. by the quantity of labour and capital employed in producing them, and not by their nominal value either in coats, hats, money, or corn. Under the circumstances I have just supposed, commodities would have fallen to half their former value, and if money had not varied, to half their former price also.
Страница 31 - If it were the natural tendency of capital to increase faster than population, there would be no difficulty in preserving a prosperous condition of the people. If, on the other hand, it were the natural tendency of population to increase faster than capital, the difficulty would be very great. There would be a perpetual tendency in wages to fall. The...
Страница 42 - I do not see how it could be benefited in the ' least. If you have a certain value laid out ' against Irish commodities in the one case, you ' will have a certain value laid out against them ' in the other. The cattle are either exported to ' England, or they stay at home.
Страница 31 - Now, this is the case in every civilized country. Even Ireland, the country most likely to afford an instance of what Mr Mill supposes to be the natural course of things, poor and populous as she is, suffers less from want, with her eight millions of people, than when her only inhabitants were a few septs of hunters and fishers. In our early history famines, and pestilences the consequences of famine, constantly recur. At present, though our numbers are trebled and quadrupled, they are unheard of.
Страница 26 - It is according to the division of the whole produce of the land of any particular farm, between the three classes, of landlord, capitalist, and laborer, that we are to judge of the rise or fall of rent, profit, and wages...
Страница 27 - ... Under the circumstances I have just supposed, commodities would have fallen to half their former value, and if money had not varied, to half their former price also. If then in this medium, which had not varied in value, the wages of the labourer should be found to have fallen, it will not the less be a real fall because they might furnish him with a greater quantity of cheap commodities than his former wages.