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benefit of moles that I publish these my daily effays.

But befides fuch as are moles through ignorance, there are others who are moles through envy. As it is faid in the Latin proverb, "that "cne man is a wolf to another;" fo, generally fpeaking, one author is a mole to another author. It is impoffibie for them to difcover beauties in one another's works, they have eyes only for fpots and blemithes: they can indeed fee the light, as it is faid of the animals which are their .namefakes, but the idea of it is painful to them; they immediately fhut their eyes upon it, and withdraw themfelves into a wilful obfcurity. I have already caught two or three of thefe dark undermining vermin, and intend to make a string of them, in order to hang them up in one of my papers, as an example to all fuch voluntary moles.

N° 125. TUESDAY, JULY 24.
Ne, pueri, ne tanta animis affuefcite bella:
Neu patriæ validas in vifcera vertite vires.

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Plutarch fays very finely, that a man should not allow himself to hate even his enemies, because, fays he, if you indulge this paffion in fome occafions, it will rife of itfelf in others; if you hate your enemies, you will contract fuch a vicious habit of mind, as by degrees will break out upon those who are your friends, or those who are indifferent to you. I might here obferve how admirably this precept of morality, which derives the malignity of hatred from the paffion itself, Cand not from its object, anfwers to that great rule which was dictated to the world about an hundred years before this philofopher wrote; but inftead of that, I fhall only take notice, with a real grief of heart, that the minds of many good men among us appear foured with party-principles, and alienated from one another in fuch a manner as feems to me altogether inconfiftent with the dictates either of reafon or religion. Zeal for a public caufe is apt to breed paffions in the hearts of virtuous perfons, to which the regard of their own private interest would never have betrayed them.

VIRG. n. 6. v. 131.
Embrace again, my fons, be foes no more,
Nor ftain your country with her childrens gore.
DRYDEN.

Y worthy friend Sir Roger, when we are

Mtalking of the malice of parties, very fre

quently tells us an accident that happened to him when he was a school-boy, which was at a time when the feuds ran high between the round heads and cavaliers. This worthy knight, being then but a tripling, had occafion to inquire which was the way to St. Anne's lane, upon which the perfon whom he spoke to, instead of answering his queAion, called him a young popish cur, and asked him who had made Anne a faint? The boy, being in fome confufion, inquired of the next he met, which was the way to Anne's lane; but was called a prick-eared cur for his pains, and inftead of being thewn the way, was told that fhe had been a faint before he was born, and would be one after he was hanged. Upon this, fays Sir Roger, I did not think fit to repeat the former queftion, but going into every lane in the neighbourhood, asked what they called the name of that lane. By which ingenious artifice, he found out the place he inquired after, without giving offence to any party. Sir Roger generally clofes this narrative with reflections on the mifchief that parties do in the country; how they spoil good neighbourhood, and make honeft gentlemen hate one another; befides that they manifeftly tend to the prejudice of the land-tax, and the deftru&tion of the game.

There cannot a greater judgment befal a country than fuch a dreadful fpirit of divifion as rends a government into two diftinct people, and makes then greater ftrangers and more averfe to one another, than if they were actually two different nations. The effects of fuch a divifion are pernicious to the laft dcgrce, not only with regard to thofe advantages which they give the common enemy, but to thefe private cvils which they produce in the heart of almost every particular perfon. This influence is very fatal both to mens morals and their understandings; it finks the virtue of a nation, and not only fo, but deftroys even common fenfe,

If this party-fpirit has fo ill an effect on our morals, it has likewife a very great one upon our judgments. We often hear a poor infipið paper or pamphlet cried up, and fometimes a noble piece depreciated, by those who are of a different principle from the author. One who is actuated by this fpirit is almoft under an incapacity of difcerning either real blemishes or beauties. A man of merit in a different principle, is like an object feen in two different mediums, that appears crooked or broken, however straight and intire it may be in itself. For this reafon there is scarce a perfon of any figure in England, who does not go by two contrary characters, as oppofite to one another as light and darkness. Knowledge and learning fuffer in a particular manner from this ftrange prejudice,which at prefent prevails amongst all ranks and degrees in the British nation. men formerly became eminent in learned societics by their parts and acquifitions, they now diftinguifh themfelves by the warmth and violence with which they efpouse their respective parties. Books are valued upon the like confiderations; an abufive fcurrilous ftile paffes for fatire, and a dull scheme of party-notions is called fine writing.

As

There is one piece of fophiftry practifed by both fides, and that is the taking any fcandalous ftory that has been ever whispered or invented of a private man, for a known undoubted truth, and raifing fuitable fpeculations upon it. Calumnies that have been never proved, or have been often refuted, are the ordinary poftulatums of these infamous fcribblers, upon which they proceed as upon first principles granted by all men, though in their hearts they know they are false, or at best very doubtful. When they have laid these foun dations of scurrility, it is no wonder that their fuperftructure is every way anfwerable to them. If this fhameless practice of the prefent age endures much longer, praife and reproach will cease to be motives of action in good men.

There

fortunes."

There are certain periods of time in all govern"We do alfo firmly declare, that it is our refoments when this, inhuman fpirit prevails. Italy "lution as long as we live to call black black, was long torn in pieces by the Guelfes and Gi- "and white white. And we fhall upon all ocbellines, and France by thofe who were for and "cafions oppofe fuch perfons that upon any day against the league: but it is very unhappy for a "of the year fhall call black white, or white man to be born in such a stormy and tempeftu-black, with the utmost peril of our lives and ous season. It is the restlefs ambition of artful men that thus breaks a people into factions, and draws several well-meaning perfons to their interest by a specious concern for their country. How many honeft minds are filled with uncharitable and barbarous notions, out of their zeal for the public good? What cruelties and outrages would they not commit against men of an adverfe party, whom they would honour and esteem, if inftead of confidering them as they are reprefented, they knew them as they are? Thus are perfons of the greatest probity feduced into fhame ful errors and prejudices, and made bad men even by that nobleft of principles, the love of their country. I cannot here forbear mentioning the famous Spanish proverb, If there were neither fools nor knaves in the world, all people would

be of one mind.'

For my own part, I could heartily wish that all honeft men would enter into an affociation, for the fupport of one another against the endeavours of those whom they ought to look upon as their common enemies, whatsoever fide they may belong to. Were there fuch an honeft body of neutral forces, we should never fee the worst of men in great figures of life, becaufe they are useful to a party; nor the best unregarded, because they are above practising thofe methods which would be grateful to their faction. We fhould then fingle every criminal out of the herd, and hunt him down, however formidable and overgrown he might appear on the contrary, we fhould fhelter diftreffed innocence, and defend virtue, however befet with contempt or ridicule, envy or defamation. In short, we should not any longer regard our fellow-fubjects as Whigs or Tories, but fhould make the man of merit our friend, and the villain our enemy.

No 126. WEDNESDAY, JULY 25.
Tros Rutulufve fuat, nullo difcrimine kabebo.
VIRG. Æn, 10. v. 108.
Rutulians, Trojans, are the fame to me.

DRYDEN.

IN my yesterday's paper I propofed that the ho

neft men of all parties fhould enter into a kind of affociation for the defence of one another, and the confufion of their common enemies. As it is defigned this neutral body fhould act with a regard to nothing but truth and equity, and divet themfelves of the little heats and prepoffeffions that cleave to parties of all kinds, I have prepared for them the following form of an affociation, which may exprefs their intentions in the most plain and fimple manner.

"We whofe names are hereunto fubfcribed "do folemnly declare, that we do in our con<< fciences believe two and two make four; and and that we shall adjudge any man whatsoever "to be our enemy who endeavours to perfuade "us to the contrary. We are likewife ready to "maintain with the hazard of all that is near "and dear to us, that fix is less than feven in all "times and all places; and that ten will not "be more three years hence than it is at prefent.

Were there fuch a combination of honest men, who without any regard to places, would endeavour to extirpate all fuch furious zealots as would facrifice one half of their country to the paffion and intereft of the other; as alfo fuch infamous hypocrites, that are for promoting their own advantage, under colour of the public good; with all the profligate immoral retainers to each fide, that have nothing to recommend them but an implicit fubmiffion to their leaders; we should foon fee that furious party-fpirit extinguifhed, which may in time expofe us to the derifion and contempt of all the nations about us.

A member of this fociety, that would thus carefully employ himself in making room for merit, by throwing down the worthlefs and depraved part of mankind from those confpicuous ftations of life to which they have been sometimes advanced, and all this without any regard to his private intereft, would be no small bene factor to his country.

I remember to have read in Diodorus Siculus an account of a very little active animal, which I think he calls the little Ichneumon, that makes it the whole business of his life to break the eggs of the crocodile, which he is always in fearch after. This inftin&t is the more remarkable, becaufe the Ichneumon never feeds upon the eggs he has broken, nor any other way finds his account in them. Were it not for the inceffant labours of this induftrious animal, Egypt, fays the hiftorian, would be over-run with crocodiles; for the Ægyptians are fo far from deftroying thofe pernicious creatures, that they worship them as gods.

If we look into the behaviour of ordinary partizans, we fhall find them far from refembling this difinterested animal, and rather acting after the example of the wild Tartars, who are ambitious of deftroying a man of the moft extraordinary parts and accomplishments, as thinking that upon his deceafe the fame talents, whatever poft they qualified him for, enter of courfe into his deftroyer.

As in the whole train of my fpeculations, I have endeavoured as much as I am able to extinguish that pernicious fpirit of paffion and prejudice, which rages with the fame violence in all parties, I am fill the more defrous of doing fome the fpirit of party reigns more in the country good in this particular, because I obferve that than in the town.

It here contracts a kind of

brutality and ruftic fiercenefs, to which men of a politer conversation are wholly ftrangers.

It

extends itself even to the return of the bow and the hat; and at the fame time that the heads of parties preferve towards one another an outward fhow of good-breeding, and keep up a perpetual intercourfe of civilities, their tools that are difperfed in thefe outlying parts will not fo much as mingle together at a cock-match. This humour fills the country with feveral periodical meetings of whig jockies and tory fox-hunters; not to mention the innumerable curfes, frowns, and whifpers it produces at a quarter-feffions.

I do not know whether I have obferved in any

-Quantum eft in rebus inane?

of my former papers, that my friend Sir Roger De No 127. THURSDAY, JULY 26. Coverley and Sir Andrew Freeport are of different principles, the first of them inclined to the landed, and the other to the monied intereft. humour is fo moderate in each of them, that it farther than to an agreeable raillery,

This

proceeds no fare diverts the reft of the club.

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find however that the knight is a much stronger Tory in the country than in town, which, as he has told me in my ear, is abfolutely neceffary for the keeping up his intereft. In all our journey from London to his houfe we did not fo much as bait at a whig-inn; or if by chance the coachman stopped at a wrong place, one of Sir Roger's fervants would ride up to his mafter full fpeed and whisper to him that the mafter of the houfe was against fuch an one in the last election. This often betrayed us into hard beds and bad cheer; for we were not fo inquifitive about the inn as the innkeeper; and provided our landlord's principles were found, did not take any notice of the ftaleness of his provifions. This I found ftill the more inconvenient, becaufe the better the hoft was, the worfe generally were his accommodations; the fellow knowing very well that thofe who were his friends would take up with coarfe diet and an hard lodging. For thefe reafons, all the while I was upon the road I dreaded entering into an houfe of any one that Sir Roger had applauded for an honest man.

Since my stay at Sir Roger's in the country, I daily find more inftances of this narrow party-humour. Being upon the bowling-green at a neighbouring market-town the other day, for that is the place where the gentlemen on one fide meet once a week, I obferved a stranger among them of a better prefence and genteeler behaviour than ordinary; but was much furprised, that notwithftanding he was a very fair better, nobody would take him up. But upon inquiry I found, that he was one who had given a disagreeable vote in a former parliament, for which reafon there was not a man upon that bowling-green who would have fo much correspondence with him as to win his money of him.

Among other inftances of this nature, I must not omit one which concerns myfelf. Will Wimble was the other day relating feveral ftrange ftories that he had picked up nobody knows where of a certain great man; and upon my staring at him, as one that was furprifed to hear fuch things in the country, which had never been fo much as whispered in the town, Will stopped fhort in the thread of his difcourfe, and after dinner asked my friend Sir Roger in his ear if he was fure that I was not a fanatic.

It gives me a ferious concern to see such a spirit of diffenfion in the country; not only as it deftroys virtue and common fenfe, and renders us in a manner barbarians towards one another, but as it perpetuates our animofities, widens our breaches, and tranfmits our prefent paffions and prejudices to our pofterity. For my own part, I am fometimes afraid that I difcover the feeds of a civil war in thefe our divifions; and therefore cannot but bewail, as in their first principles, the miferies and calamities of our children,

Perf. Sat. 1. V. I. How much of emptinefs we find in things!

T is our cuftom at Sir upon the com.

ing in of the poft, to fit about a pot of coffee,

and hear the old knight read Dyer's letter; which he does with his fpectacles upon his nofe, and in an audible voice, fmiling very often at thofe littie ftrokes of fatire, which are fo frequent in the writings of that author. I afterwards.communicate to the knight such packets as I receive under the quality of Spectator. The following letter chancing to please him more than ordinary, I shall publish it at his request.

Mr. Spectator,

O'U have diverted the town almost a whole month at the expence of the 'country, it is now high time that you should 'give the country their revenge. Since your ' withdrawing from this place, the fair fex are run into great extravagancies. Their petticoats, which began to heave and fwell be'fore you left us, are now, blown up into a moft enormous concave, and rife every day more and more: in fhort, Sir, fince our wo'men know themselves to be out of the eye of the Spectator, they will be kept within no compafs. You praifed them a little too foon, for the modefty of their head-dreffes; for as the humour of a fick perfon is often driven out of ' one limb into another, their fuperfluity of ornaments, instead of being intirely banished, feems only fallen from their heads upon their lower parts. What they have loft in height they make up in breadth, and contrary to all rules of architecture widen the foundations at the fame time that they fhorten the fuper• ftructure. Were they, like Spanish jennets, to impregnate by the wind, they could not have thought on a more proper invention. But as we do not yet hear any particular use in this petticoat, or that it contains any thing more than what was fuppofed to be in thofe of fcantier make, we are wonderfully at a lofs about it.

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The women give out, in defence of thefe ' wide bottoms, that they are airy, and very proper for the feafon; but this I look upon to be only a pretence, and a piece of art, for it is 'well known we have not had a more moderate 'fummer these many years, fo that it is certain the heat they complain of cannot be in the 'weather: befides, I would fain ask these tender conftitutioned ladies, why they should require more cooling than their mothers before them?

6

I find several speculative perfons are of opinion that our fex has of late years been very faucy, and that the hoop-petticoat is made ufe of to keep us at a diftance. It is most certain that a woman's honour cannot be better intrenched than after this manner, in circle within circle, amidst fuch a variety of out-works and lines of circumvallation. A female who is thus invefted in whale-bone is fufficiently fecured against the approaches of an ill-bred fellow, who might as well think of Sir George Etherege's way of making love in a tub, as in the midst of fo many hoops.

Among

Among thefe various conjectures, there are men of fuperftitious tempers, who look upon the hoop-petticoat as a kind of prodigy. Some will have it that it portends the downfal of the French king, and obferve that the farthingal · appeared in England a little before the ruin of the Spanish monarchy. Others are of opinion ⚫ that it foretels battle and bloodshed, and believe it of the fame prognoftication as the tail of a blazing ftar. For my part, I am apt to think it is a fign that multitudes are coming into the world rather than going out of it.

The first time I faw a lady dreffed in one of thefe petticoats, I could not forbear blaming

'larities of dress, I believe you will not think it 'below you, on fo extraordinary an occafion, to unhoop the fair fex, and cure this fafhionable tympany that is got among them. I am apt to think the petticoat will shrink of its own ac'cord at your firft coming to town; at least a touch of your pen will make it contract itself, like the fenfitive plant, and by that means 'oblige feveral who are either terrified or afto'nished at this portentous novelty, and among the reft, Your humble fervant, &c.*

C

-Concordia difcors.

LUCAN. 1. 1. v. 98.

her in my own thoughts for walking abroad No 128. FRIDAY, JULY 27. when he was fo near her time, but foon re' covered myself out of my error, when I found all the modifh part of the fex as far gone as ⚫ herself. It is generally thought fome crafty

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Harmonious difcord.

OMEN in their nature are much more

women have thus betrayed their companions Way and joyous that much, whether it be

into hoops, that they might make them acceffary to their own concealments, and by that means efcape the cenfure of the world; as wary generals have fometimes dreffed two or three dozen of their friends in their own habit, that they might not draw upon themselves any particular attacks from the enemy. The ftrutting petticoat fmooths all diftinctions, levels the mother with the daughter, and fets maids and matrons, wives and widows, upon the fame bottom. In the mean while, I cannot but be troubled to fee fo many well-fhaped innocent virgins bloated up, and waddling up and down like big-bellied women.

Should this fashion get among the ordinary people, our public ways would be fo crouded that we should want street-room. Several congregations of the best fashion find themfelves ⚫ already very much straitened, and if the mode ' increases I wish it may not drive many ordinary women into meetings and conventicles. Should our fex at the fame time take it into their heads 'to wear trunk breeches, as who knows what their indignation at this female treatment may drive them to, a man and his wife would fill a whole pew.

You know, Sir, it is recorded of Alexander the Great, that in his Indian expedition he buried feveral fuits of armour, which by his direction were made much too big for any of his foldiers, in order to give pofterity an extra'ordinary idea of him, and make them believe he had commanded an army of giants. I am ⚫ perfuaded that if one of the prefent petticoats happens to be hung up in any repofitory of curiofities, it will lead into the fame error the $ generations that lie fome removes from us; unlefs we can believe our posterity will think fo 'difrefpectfully of their great grand-mothers, that they made themselves monftrous to appear amiable.

When I furvey this new-fashioned Rotunda in all its parts, cannot but think of the old philofopher, who, after having entered into an Ægyptian temple, and looked about for the idol of the place, at length discovered a little black monkey enfhrined in the midft of it, upon which he could not forbear crying out, to the great fcandal of the worshippers, what a magnificent place is here for fuch a ridiculous in

habitant?

Though you have taken a refolution in one of your papers, to avoid defcending to particu.

that their blood is more refined, their fibres more delicate, and their animal fpirits more light and volatile; or whether, as fome have imagined, there may not be a kind of fex in the very foul, I fhall not pretend to determine. As vivacity is the gift of women, gravity is that of men. They fhould each of them therefore keep a watch upon the particular bias which nature has fixed in their minds, that it may not draw too much and lead them out of the paths of reafon. This will certainly happen, if the one in every word and action affects the character of being rigid and fevere, and the other of being brifk and airy. Men should beware of being captivated by a kind of favage philofophy, women by a thoughtless gallantry. Where thefe precautions are not obferved, the man often degenerates into a cynic, the woman into a coquette; the man grows fullen and morofe, the woman impertinent and fantaftical.

By what I have faid, we may conclude, men and women are made as counterparts to one another, that the pains and anxieties of the hufband might be relieved by the sprightlinefs and good humour of the wife. When thefe are rightly tempered, care and chearfulness go hand in hand; and the family, like a fhip that is duly trimmed, wants neither fail nor ballast.

Natural hiftorians obferve, (for whilst I am in the country I muft fetch my allufions from thence,) that only the male birds have voices; that their fongs begin a little before breedingtime, and end a little after; that whilft the hen is covering her eggs, the male generally takes his ftand upon a neighbouring bough within her hearing; and by that means amufes and diverts her with his fongs during the whole time of her fitting.

This contract among birds lafts no longer than till a brood of young ones arifes from it; fo that in the feathered kind, the cares and fatigues of the married state, if I may fo call it, lie principally upon the female. On the contrary, as in our fpecies the man and the woman are joined together for life, and the main burden rests upon the former, nature has given all the little arts of foothing and blandishment to the female, that she may chear and animate her companion in a conftant and affiduous application to the making a provifion for his family, and the educating of their common children. This however is not to be taken fo ftrictly, as if the fame dutics were not often reciprocal, and incumbent on bot

parties;

parties; but only to fet forth what feems to have been the general intention of nature, in the different inclinations and endowments which are beftowed on the different fexes.

But whatever was the reafon that man and woman were made with this variety of temper, if we obferve the conduct of the fair fex, we find that they choofe rather to affociate themfelves with a perfon who refembles them in that light and volatile humour which is natural to them, than to fuch as are qualified to moderate and counter-balance it. It has been an old complaint, that the coxcomb carries it with them before the man of fenfe. When we fee a fellow loud and talkative, full of infipid life and laughter, we may venture to pronounce him a female favourite: noife and flutter are fuch accomplishments as they cannot withstand. To be fhort, the paffion of an ordinary woman for a man is nothing eife but felf-love diverted upon another objeft: the would have the lover a woman in every thing but the fex. I do not know a finer piece of fatire on this part of womankind, than thofe fines of Mr. Dryden.

"Our thoughtless fex is caught by outward

form

And empty noife, and loves itself in man,”

This is a fource of infinite calamities to the fex, as it frequently joins them to men, who in their own thoughts are as fine creatures as themfelves; or if they chance to be good-humoured, ferve only to diffipate their fortunes, inflame their follies, and aggravate their indifcretions.

The fame female levity is no lefs fatal to them after marriage than before: it represents to their imaginations the faithful prudent husband as an honeft tractable and domeftic animal; and turns

their thoughts upon the une gay gentleman that laughs, fings, and dreffes fo much more agreeably.

As this irregular vivacity of temper leads aftray the hearts of ordinary women in the choice of their lovers and the treatment of their hufbands, it operates with the fame pernicious influence towards their children, who are taught to accomplish themfelves in ali thofe fublime perfections that appear captivating in the eye of their mother. She admires in her fon what the loved in her gallant; and by that means contributes all that she can to perpetuate herfelf in a worthiefs progeny.

The younger Fauftina was a lively inftance of this fort of women. Notwithstanding the was married to Marcus Aurelius, one of the greateft, wifeft, and beft of the Roman empercrs, fhe thought a common gladiator much the prettier gentleman; and had taken fuch care to accomplish her fon Comniodus according to her own notions of a fine man, that when he afcended the throne of his father, he became the moft foolish and abandoned tyrant that was ever placed at the head of the Roman empire, fignalizing himself in not ing but the fighting of prizes, and knocking out mens brains. As he had no tale of true glory, we fee him in feveral medals and ftatues which are fill extant of him, equipped like an Hercules with a club and a Jon's fin.

I have been led into this fpeculation by the characters I have heard of a country gentleman and his lady, who do not live many miles from Sir Roger, The wife is an old coquette, that is

:

always hankering after the diverfions of the town; the husband a morofe ruftic, that frowns and frets at the name of it. The wife is over.run with affectation, the hufband funk into brutality the lady cannot bear the noife of the larks and nightingales, hates your tedious fummer days, and is fick at the fight of fhady woods, and purling ftreams; the hufband wonders how' any one can be pleafed with the fooleries of plays and operas, and rails from morning to night at effenced fops and taudry courtiers. The children are educated in thefe different notions of their parents.

The fons follow the father about his grounds, while the daughters read volumes of love-letters and romances to their mother. By this means it comes to pafs, that the girls look upon their father as a clown, and the boys think their mother no better than the fhould be.

How different are the lives of Ariftus and Afpafia? The innocent vivacity of the one is tempered and compofed by the chearful gravity of the other. The wife grows wife by the difcourfes of the husband, and the husband goodhumoured by the converfations of the wife. Ariftus would not be fo amiable were it not for

his Afpafia, nor Afpafia fo much esteemed were

it not for her Ariftus. Their virtues are blended in their children, and diffufe through the whole family a perpetual spirit of benevolence, complacency, and fatisfaction.

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DRYDEN.

REAT mafters in painting never care for drawing people in the fashion; as very well knowing that the head-dress, or periwig, that now prevails, and gives a grace to their portraitures at prefent, will make a very odd figure, and perhaps look monftrous in the eyes of pofterity. For this reafon they often reprefent an illuftrious perfon in a Roman habit, or in fome other drefs that never varies. I could wifh, for the fake of my country friends, that there was fuch a kind of everlasting drapery to be made ufe of by all who live at a certain diftance from the town, and that they would agree upon fuch fashions as fhould never be liable to changes and innovations. For want of this ftanding drefs, a man who takes a journey into the country is as much furprifed, as one who waiks in a gallery of old family pictures; and finds as great a variety of garbs and habits in the perfons he converfes with. Did they keep to one conftant drefs they would fometimes be in the fashion, which they never are as matters are managed at prefent. If inftead of running after the mode, they would continue fixed in one certain habit, the mode would fome time or other overtake them, as a clock that ftands ftill is fure to point right once in twelve hours: in this cafe therefore I would advise them, as a gentleman did his friend who was hunting about the whole town after a rambling fellow, if you follow him you will never find him, but if you

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