Byzantine logic,-next began to comment on the Pauline c Epistles. It is evident from the testimony of contemporaries, that Barnes' lectures were eagerly listened to and commanded respect by their real merit'; but whatever might have been the views of the academic authorities, the lecturer was beyon their control. There is however good reason for believi that his efforts formed a precedent for a similar and y more successful innovation, shortly afterwards commen by George Stafford within the university itself. This nent Cambridge Reformer was a fellow of Pembroke and tinguished by his attainments in the three learned langu: and on becoming bachelor of divinity was appoint 'ordinary' lecturer in theology. In this capacity, as a nised instructor of the university, he had the boldn gether to discard the Sentences for the Scriptures',-a that could scarcely have failed to evoke considera' cism; but the unrivalled reputation and populari lecturer seem to have shielded him from interfer for four years, from about 1524 to 1529, he co expound to enthusiastic audiences the Gospels an Among his hearers was a Norfolk lad, the celebr." Becon, who in after years, and perhaps with som exaggeration that often accompanies the rem youth, recorded his impressions of his instructo His sense of the services rendered by his teach of Scriptural truth, was such that he even ven meet, for the first time, with the oftquoted memorial verses on the subjects embraced in the trivium and quadrivium, 'Gram' loquitur, 'Dia' vera docet, Rhet' verba colorat, 'Mus' canit, 'Ar' numerat, 'Ge' ponderat, Ast' colit astra. 1 Surely he [Barnes] is alone in handling a piece of Scripture, and in setting forth of Christ he hath no fellow.' Latimer to Cromwell, Latimer-Corrie, 11 389. ''A man of very perfect life, and approvedly learned in the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin tongues.' Becon, Jewel of Joy (e That is to nt between conservatism independent ..few ero .sion t was London s were was imnce with esponsive › England,' ler notified the empire; commercial the continent parative case; oportion of her ly one of the h the Lutheran of heresy in his res. Wolsey howsystem of violent is of the tendency of to play the part of a from Rome did not Lutheran books'. But her still further roused licly burning the papal he canon law, at WittenConvened a conference in 19 they had penetrated into France, gland, and Italy; and Erasmus riting so early as May 15, 1520, to Ecolampadius, states that they had narrowly escaped being burned in England. Brewer, Letters and Pa pers, 111 284. 3 Ibid. 11 455. London, to sit, as the Sorbonne had long been sitting, in CHAPL judgement on the obnoxious volumes. In these proceedings some of the most influential men at Oxford and Cambridge took part, and about three weeks after the Sorbonne had given its decision, the conference arrived at a similarly adverse conclusion'. The Lutheran treatises were publicly burnt, on the twelfth of May, in the churchyard at Paul's Cross'; and Fisher, in a sermon delivered on the occasion in . the presence of Wolsey and numerous other magnates, not only denounced the condemned volumes as heretical and pernicious, but in his excess of religious zeal and indignation, declared that Luther, in burning the pope's bull, had clearly shewn that he would have burnt the pope too had he been able. The saying was not forgotten; and a few years after, when Tyndale's New Testament was treated in like fashion, the translator caustically observed, that the bishops in burning Christ's word had of course shewn that they would will ingly have also burnt its Divine Author'. Within two days after Fisher's sermon, Wolsey issued her his mandates to all the bishops in England, to take onder that any books, written or printed, of Martin Luther's errors and heresies, should be brought in to the bishop of each respective diocese; and that every such bishop receiving such books and writings should send them up to him! And be t fore the Easter term was cver similar conflagrations were instituted at both universities,-that at Cambridge being held under the joint auspices of Wolsey, Fisher, and Bullock". 1 Whereupon after consultation had, they [the authorities at Oxford] appointed Thomas Brinknell, about this time of Lincoln College, John Kynton, a Minorite, John Roper, lately of Magdalen College, and John de Coloribus, doctors of di vinity, who meeting at that place divers learned men and bishops in a solemn convocation in the cardi nal's house, and finding his doctrine to be for the most part repugnant to the present used in England, solemnly condemned it: a testimony of which was afterwards sent to Oxford and fastened on the dial in St. Mary's churchyard by Nicholas Krat zer, the maker and contriver thereof, Lewis, Life of Fisher, 1 21; De Strype, Memorials, i 35-6 Wood (see supra, note 1) is right in placing these conflagrations in 1521. Cooper (Annals, a 303-4), who took his extracts of the proctors' accounts from Baker and las regalarly placed them at the be, anr 2 of each year, has thus left it to be inferre that the burning at Cv ledge took place in 152)-1; and R Faract King Henry write Luther. CHAP. VI. Then, in the following year, king Henry himself compiled his celebrated polemic, Contra Martinum Lutherum Hæresistarchon; and in 1523 appeared Fisher's Assertionis Lutheranc Confutatio. Yet still, in spite of pope, king, chancellor, and lawgiver, the religious movement at Cambridge continued to gather strength, and to the systematic study of the Scriptures there was now added that of the Lutheran doctrines. It was not possible however to treat the edicts of Rome, enforced as they were by the action of the authorities in England, with an indifference like that which had confronted the denouncers of Erasmus's New Testament, and a policy of Meeting of caution and secrecy had now become indispensable. the Reform. ert Cam bridge. Horse.' It was accordingly resolved to appoint a place of meeting where discussions might be held in comparative freedom from the espionage of the college. On the present site of the Bull Inn or closely adjacent to it, there stood in those days the The White White Horse Inn, at that time the property of Catherine Hall'. A lane, known as Mill Street, passed then as now to the rear of the buildings that fronted the inain street, and afforded to the students from the colleges in the northern. part of the town, the means of entering the inn with less risk of observation. The White Horse was accordingly chosen as the place of rendezvous; and as the meetings before long (Hist. of Cambridge, p. 197), actually states that it was in 1520. But the following entries by the proctors (Grace Book, B 411, 416), coming as they do at the conclusion of the entries for the Easter term, 1521, clearly show that the proceedings were consequent upon the decision of the conference held in London:Erpensa Senioris Proctoris: Item solutum Petro bedello misso domino Cardinali et Cancellario cum literis pro operibus Lutheri, 208.' Erpensa Junioris Proctoris: 'Item Folvi doctori Bullocke pro expensiз Londini circa examinationem Ln. theri ad mandatum domini Cardinalis, 538. 4d.' Item doctori Umfrey pro cjus expensis in consi mili negotio, 538. 4d Item doc. toribus Watson et Rid ey pro cornin expensis in eodem negotio, 25. 63, 8d.' Item doctori Nycolas gerenti locum vico Cancellarii pro munere quod dedit tabellario domini Cardinalis, 4x.' Item eidem pro consimili munere dato tabellario Regine, 48.' 'Item cidem pro potu et aliis expensis circa combustionem librorum Martini Lutheri, 28.' The sign of the White Horse remains, but it appears doubtful if the old White Horse mentioned by Strype in his Annals, has not given way to the Bull Inn: especially as all that ground does belong to Catherine Hall, and there is no record of the college having parted with the White Horse, which was once their pro perty.' Smith, Cambridge Portfolio, p. 364. Mr Smith conjectures, from an indenture referred to in the register of Catherine Hall, that the White Horse stood on the site now occupied by Mr Jones's house gri the present King's Lane.' Ibid. 531. 'Strype, Memorials, 1 568-9. became notorious in the university, and those who frequented CHAPL them were reported to be mainly occupied with Luther's writings, the inn became known as 'Germany,' while its h frequenters were called the 'Germans.' With these increased u facilities the little company increased rapidly in numbers. Their gatherings were held nominally under the presidency a of Barnes, whose position enabled him to defy the academic censures, but there can be no doubt that Bilney's diminutive form was the really central figure. Around him were gathered not a few already distinguished in the university and destined to wider fame. From Gonville Hall came not! only Shaxton, but also Crome the president of that society, and John Skip, who subsequently succeeded, like Shaxton, to the office of master,-a warm friend, in after life, of the Reformers, and at one time chaplain to Anne Boleyn. Undergraduates and bachelors stole in, in the company of masters of arts. Among them John Rogers (the protomartyr of queen Mary's reign) from Pembroke, with John Thixtill of the same college,-the latter already university preacher, and one whose ipse dixit was regarded as a final authority in the divinity schools. Queens' College-perhaps, as Strype suggests, not disinclined to cherish the traditions of the great scholar who had once there found a home,-sent Forman its president and with him Bilney's ill-fated convert, John Lambert; and not improbably Heynes, also afterwards president of the college and one of the compilers of the first English liturgy. John Mallory came in from Christ's; John Frith from King's; Taverner, a lad just entered at Corpus, and Matthew Parker, just admitted to his bachelor's degree, came perhaps under the escort of William Warner, up from his Norfolk living. Such were the men who, togeth with those already mentioned as Bilney's followers, and many more whose names have passed away, made up the earher gatherings in Germany.' In the old-fashioned inn, as at the meetings of the pritai- e tive Christians, were heard again,-freed from the sophistries and misconstructions of medieval theology,-the glowig utterances of the great apostle of the Gentiles. There also, |