The strawberry roan (or peach) is a sorrel with numerous white hairs in body, mane, and tail; it may be light or dark. A strawberry roan is always much lighter after clipping.

B. Roan. The roan has a coat with three colors of hairs-black, reddish, and white, that is a body with numerous white hairs over the body. It may be light, medium, or dark. According to the

color of the hairs which predominate and the distinctive tint of the roan, it may be further qualified as a blue roan, a red roan (not to be confounded with strawberry roan, white and chestnut), a white

3. CONJOINED COATS.-They are those in which the same animal has two or more distinct primitive or derived coats on different parts of the body. They are represented by the piebald or skewbald, which has a mixture of large white patches with other colors. The piebald strictly is a mixture of white and black, like the magpie, from which it takes its name, but by custom includes the others; "pie" refers to the white; for more definite description we may consider: a piedblack, a pied-sorrel, a pied-bay, a pied-roan, or a pied-gray as a black, sorrel, bay, roan, or gray with larger patches of white than of the dark color, while a black-pie, a sorrel-pie, a bay-pie, a roan-pie, or a gray-pie is one in which the white is of less extent. We may also describe the horse as being pied, on near or off, belly, side, withers, or wherever the white may be. The color of the mane and tail should be indicated if the pie is a mixed one.

In rare cases there are horses with conjoined coats of black and bay, two colors of bay, dun, and gray, etc. These may be indicated by special description as pied of such and such color.

Spotted (tiger spots). Spotted horses are found especially in Denmark and from the valley of the Danube, and in the United States from Virginia and Michigan, which can be described as of such or such a color, spotted with such or such a color, the size of spots and location to be given.

SPECIAL MARKINGS.-In addition to the color of the coat it may have peculiar growth of the hair, tints, or discoloration, which give it a characteristic effect and serve to identify the animal.

They may be divided into :

1. General Markings.
2. Markings of the head.
3. Markings of the body.
4. Markings of the legs.

1. GENERAL MARKINGS.-This comprises reflection of color, dark hairs, white hairs, black hairs, reddish hairs, cowlicks, and discoloration of the skin.

Reflection of color may be called: jet, if a brilliant black; silvery, if a bluish, porcelain white; golden, for rich sorrels, bays, and duns; bronzed, for metallic reds and browns; watered, when presenting alternate shades or undulations of color.

Darker hairs. Dapples are spots usually the size of a silver dollar, composed of darker, more brilliant colors than those of the rest of the body.

White hairs. Absence of white hairs defines a horse as solid in color; scattered white hairs, when not of sufficient number to make a derived coat, should be noted: fringed, is a mixture of white hairs and those of the coat of the animal surrounding a circumscribed white spot.

Careful attention should be given to noting the difference of natural white markings and not to confound them with accidental white, which is the result of wounds, accidental scars, rubbing of harness or saddle, and blisters.

Black hairs. Fly-specked is said of small spots or black hairs seen most frequently in grays, sometimes in chestnuts, bays, and duns ; ermined is the presence of larger spots of black, occurring most frequently in or along the borders of white markings; burnt is the black shading of various coats, most commonly seen in sorrels.

Red hairs. Flea-bitten is said of small spots of red hairs over the body and more frequently on the head and face, this is most frequently seen in old grays; sunburnt is the reddish hue often seen in blacks; roan (adjective) is the qualification used when reddish hairs appear over a gray, as roan gray.

Direction of hairs; Cowlicks. Cowlicks are hairs running in irregular directions from or to a given point; if the first they are eccentric, if the second concentric They occur on all horses in the centre of the forehead, on the breasts, and on the flank. They may occur at other parts of the body and should then be noted, marking the size of the cowlick and direction of the hairs. They are apt to occur in rich colored coats, and are often very distinctive of family. The trotting horse Commonsense is peculiarly marked with them. The Arabs consider them a mark of great quality. Feathered is the term used when the divergence or convergence of hairs takes place from an elongated centre.

Discoloration of the hairs or skin.

Washed is the term given to

the faded tint seen with many coats. In bays it is found in the light or yellow-colored legs; it is frequent on the legs of sorrels. Leprous spots denote the absence of pigment from the skin in spots or patches of variable size. They are frequent on the genitals and lips, often occur on the eyelids, anus, and under the white hairs on the extremities, and may be found on any part of the body. If these patches have spots of pigment in them they are termed marbled. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Curnieu, and Goubaux have noted horses entirely denuded of hair.

2. PECULIARITIES OF THE HEAD.-White may be present in variable extent, but is usually in more or less definite form, and takes with each a specific name.

A star is where the hairs make an eccentric cowlick, running in all directions; a flame is where they run in one direction from a cowlick, and the direction should be noted as to right or left, or if in the rare direction, downward; a shield is in the form indicated by the name; a crescent (quarter moon) faces up or down, to the right or to left, and should be so noted; a blaze is a white stripe down the face, it may be to right or left, may commence above with a star and may terminate below with a white nose or with leprous markings; a snip is a little stripe of white on the nose; bald face is where the whole face is white.

Any of these markings may be ermined or fringed. The face may be fly-specked or flea-bitten.

Moustaches, or excessive growth of rather coarse hairs, are at times seen in the upper lip of horses, especially those with Irish or Breton blood, from Vermont and Canada, hackneys, etc.

Grays, roans, and duns have at times very dark, almost black, faces, which are characteristic.

Wall-eyed is applied to eyes in which the dark pigment of the iris is replaced by a light gray or bluish white. It may be complete or incomplete, and may affect only one or both eyes.

Brivet says that wall-eyed horses do not see well in the dark. The ordinary pigment in the eyes is sometimes replaced, in one or both, by a tawny yellow or wine color.

3. MARKINGS ON THE BODY.-Mule stripe is a black or dark red stripe extending on the median line from the withers to the base of the tail; the cross is a stripe at right angles to the mule stripe from the withers down the shoulder; white or washed hairs may occur in patches over the body; zebra stripes are transverse black bands seen usually on the upper arm, sometimes as low as the knee.

4. MARKINGS ON THE LEGS.-White on the extremities is 'described as "white," "coronary," etc.; "pastern" or "fetlock" when it simply surrounds the coronary band, covers the pastern, or reaches the fetlock; a stocking is white reaching to the knee or hock; a halfstocking reaches half-way up the cannon. These white markings may be incomplete (internal or external), fringed, ermined, flea-bitten, etc. When white occurs on one leg only, the leg is indicated. When on two they are defined as anterior biped, posterior biped, or diagonal biped (left or right), according to the fore leg of the diagonal. When three legs are white they are described white except the odd leg.

Identification may be made more complete by indicating the complete or partial want of pigment in any of the hoofs.

REPORTS.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION OF THE U. S. V. M. A., FOR THE

YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER, 1891.

MR. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN: As Chairman of your Committee on Intelligence and Education, I have the honor, for the second time, of submitting our annual report for your consideration.

Soon after receiving official notice that I had again been distinguished with the confidence of our President by being appointed to the chairmanship of this committee for another year, I placed myself in communication with the other members of the committee, and after a due amount of correspondence with them, I have compiled the following statement of the results of our labors.

The conditions which obtained at the time of my last annual report obtain to day, and what I wrote regarding the status of our profession at that time applies with equal force at the present. There is nothing in it which I wish had remained unsaid, although there is much which might have been said then that was omitted from lack of time and for fear of making the material too ponderous to be interesting. It is my intention now to say a few words more upon the subject of education, and to conclude with a few words upon topics to which I think it would be well to call your attention.

So much has been said and written upon the matter of veterinary education in America that I have no expectation of advancing any new or original ideas, but simply to reiterate and emphasize a few of those that have already been advanced, with the hope that this Association will bring all its influence to bear in demanding progressive action and improvement in all the institutions of veterinary learning upon this continent, to which we have to look for future members of our organization. If we look at the history of medicine in this country, and compare the history of veterinary medicine with it, I do not think that the outlook is so discouraging as many of our pessimistic writers would have us think.

It is not such a great many years since most, if not all, of the medical