4. The "European Republic" of Henry IV. ?-nature of the project, and its impelling motive?

IV.-1. Chief points to be considered in estimating the reign and merits of Gustavus Adolphus ?

2. The political system of Europe how far affected by the Peace of Westphalia ?- its terms?

3. By what Treaties were the political relations of the North settled shortly afterwards?

4. Chief characteristic of Cromwell's foreign politics?-give some illustrations.

V.-1. Give some account of the formation of the triple Alliance (1668), and of its results.

2. Terms of peace between the several States at each of the following Congresses,-Nimwegen, Ryswick, and Utrecht ?

3. The success of the English Revolution of 1688 very problematical during the life-time of William ?—his character as a statesman?

4. Improvements accomplished or projected by him in Great Britain.

VI.-1. Mention some of the most famous French writers of the ages of Louis XIV. and the Orleans regency, whose names you have met with in your reading, and state in what branch of literature each was most celebrated.

2. Briefly characterise the genius and style of those English poets of whose works you have read portions during the term?

R. T. REID.

SPECIMENS OF ANSWERING.

CLARE (OR FIRST YEAR'S) CLASS.

(The best English Essay.)

"On the best method of elevating the castes of Mahars, Dhers, &c. from their present social and moral degradation, with least offence to the other classes."

Before commencing to write on this most important subject I must first show the way in which I think to proceed to the investigation of the method of elevating the Mahars, Dhers, &c. from

their present degradation. In the first place I try to show (what many think is impossible) that their elevation is a thing that can be effected; then to propose some of the means which I think would effect that desired elevation; and lastly, to show that it is the duty of those who enjoy or wish to enjoy the dignified title of the wellwishers of this country to try and effect the desired good.

The opinion which the generality of the people entertain on this subject is worthy of remark. Ask a man what to do in order to raise these people from their present state, and he is sure to say " It is impossible; God has made them low; He has intended that they should continue low, and you are going to raise them ?-how can that be? Who do you think would perform the low business to which they have been confined, in case of their standing on a perfect equality with us, whom God has made high?" He says, "It is impossible"; but let us refer to the bright page of history, and see if she furnishes us with an instance of a people more rude, more ignorant, and more vicious, being ever raised from their low state. Look, and we instantly find such an instance in the people of England. What was their condition at the time of the invasion of England by Julius Cæsar? Were they not painting their bodies in fantastic colours, roaming about the country, and living entirely on roots, and such things as the island produced spontaneously? Now look for a moment to their present condition: the sciences that they have cultivated, the wonders that they perform at sea, the virtues which most of them are seen practising, in short, the superiority which they enjoy at present over the people of other countries. Are the Mahars and Dhers at present not in a condition greatly to be envied when compared with that in which the Britons were 1800 years ago? Does it not seem possible, then, to effect the elevation of the former, when we see that those who were in a worse condition are at the present day enjoying superiority over all the nations of the earth? This would suffice in the first place, it being now evident that the opinion of the people is groundless, arising from no other motive than jealousy and reluctance to see others not only excel them, but also become their equals.

Let us now, in the second place, consider what it is that the English are indebted to for their present superiority. Deprive them (in your imagination), one by one, of all the advantages that education and its promotion has conferred on them; and surely when you do this you shall see their present superiority vanishing at every

step, until at last you find them in the same, or nearly the same, condition in which nature had placed them. Education, then, if I mistake not, is the thing that has made them what they now are. If this is the case—if education has raised the Britons, whose condition was in no way better than, nay equal to, that of the Mahars of the present day-why may it not be made to produce the same happy results among these latter, if it be placed within their reach? It is quite unreasonable to think that the Mahars are a people so mean that education cannot make them better. What stronger argument can we have against such an opinion than that furnished us by history in the case of the Britons ?

The impossibility of elevating the Mahars and Dhers from their present state of social and moral degradation has often been urged, by those who call themselves the well-wishers of their country, as a reason of their not attempting it. But that—now having found that it is not impossible; that education is the sure antidote, it is the duty of those well-wishers to apply that remedy can no longer be denied. Indeed it is very difficult to effect their elevation; but then the path to virtue is always difficult, and its difficulty should never deter us from pursuing it. The desired good is not such as to be effected in a short time-in a month or in a year; it will no doubt be many-twenty or forty-years before it is effected. But the wellwishers should begin to give doses of education from to-day, and continue to do so till that happy time arrives when the disease (ignorance, vice, &c. &c.) is wholly cured. Rise, then, ye well-wishers of this country, from your lethargy, and begin to exert yourselves in behalf of the poor people, the Mahars, Dhers, &c. &c., and rest assured that your exertions in this, as well as in every other honorable cause, will be crowned with success. With these few lines I beg to close my present essay.* *

NANABHAI

HARIDASS.

CLARE (OR FIRST YEAR'S) SCHOLARS.

HISTORY OF INDIA.

(Specimens of Answering by the first ten Students.)

I. 1. Q. Original seat of the Moguls? To what family of races did they belong?

This and all the subsequent specimens are printed from the manuscripts of the Students without any correction whatever; hence many mistakes are sure to be found in them.

A. The original seat of the Moguls was Mongolia in Asia, situated on the South of the Altain Chain. Of the three great branches of the human race-the Ethiopians, Caucasians, and Mongoliansthey belonged to the third.

2. Q. Extent of the Mogul Empire under Zingis and his sons? A. Zingis, whose original name was Timujin, after having obtained the throne of his father, began to extend his conquest over the wild and extensive plains of Asia. His conquests may be compared with the primitive convulsions of nature, which agitated and altered the whole surface of the globe : he first directed his arms towards the kingdom of Carezme, in the reign of Mahomed, whose empire extended from the Persian Gulf to the borders of India and Turkistan. He reduced Otra, Cogende, Bockara, Samurcund, and the provinces of Transoxiana and Khorasan. His son Octai conquered the whole of Northern China, and his grandson Batú revolted the freedom from the provinces of Kipzack and Turkistan, and reduced Circassia and Georgia. After having measured the latitude of 90°, and conquered Russia, he defeated the Hungarians and the king of Poland. Sebanikhan, son of Tuli, subdued the whole of Asiatic Russia; Hoolagu Persia; and Cubli the whole of the Southern part of the Chinese Empire. Thus the Moguls, during sixty-eight years, conquered almost all Asia, and a portion of Europe.

3. Q. Is the application of the term Mogul dynasty to the descendants of Timur strictly correct?

A. In the eyes of the Moguls Timur was doubtless a rebel; yet he was descended from the noble family of Burlass. His fifth ancestor, Cassur Nurvian, was Emir-ul-Omra to Zagathi, in his new realms of Transoxiana. His origin is confounded with the family of the imperial stem. He boasted that he was descended from a collateral branch of the house of Zingis; but we know not that he might have been of Caucasian extraction.

BHAIROANATH MANGESH.

4. Q. Timur's notions regarding the duties of a sovereign? A. Timur wrote a work, called the Institutes, in which he declares that a sovereign should not relax in his efforts to conquer as many countries as possible; to rule despotically; to enforce the laws which he himself dictated; lastly, to propagate Islamism.

5. Q. Baber's character?

A. Baber was remarkable for his literary pursuits, his daring character, his supposed supernatural ability, and his fondness for planting different kinds of vegetables, which, according to Elphin stone, he introduced from foreign countries. He was a master of the Persian and Turkish languages, in which he wrote many poems. His protection to caravans, which usually fall victims to warriors, exhibits a generous mind; yet he was not exempt from the cruelty incident to his countrymen.

MAYARAM SHAMBHUNATH.

II. (1.) Q. Character of Baber?

the emperors

A. Baber was one of the most remarkable among that ever held the sceptre of India. The character which the romance writers of the middle ages in Europe ascribed to their heroes was wholly realized in him. He devoted his whole life to the winning and losing of empires. At one time he was the ruler of a mighty empire, and at another time he had scarcely a house to shelter himself; now he was at the head of a powerful army, and (again?) he was scarcely able to muster two hundred soldiers. He was called the knight errant of Asia. His valour was brilliant, and some of his exploits are considered surpassing even those of the most renowned of his ancestors. In the latter part of his reign he seems to have assumed a fixed character in military affairs; and in the great battles fought on the plains of Hindoostan he showed no want of consummate generalship. He was amiable, generous, and open, and well versed in poetry and the art of music.

(2.) Q. His commentaries chiefly valuable as what?

A. The commentaries in which he has related the events of his own life, and of which Dr. Leydon and Mr. Erskine have furnished us with a translation, manifest much strong sense. His commentaries describe the general tone and character of the Oriental courts. (3.) Q. The most celebrated of the Afghan sovereigns who ruled during the exclusion of Humayun; and nature of his administration?

A. The most celebrated of the Affghan sovereigns who ruled during the exclusion of Humayun was Shere Khan, a Pathan Chief, who formerly held the government of Bengal. He was a brave, intelligent, and a popular prince. He governed his subjects with the strictest impartiality, and in a satisfactory manner. His fame as a