244 A Treatise on Farriery. The lower belly has five pair of mufcles, which feverally rife from the baunch-bone, fhare-bone, ribs, breast, and other adjacent parts. They are moftly inferted into the white line which runs along the middle of the belly. One pair paffes obliquely downwards, another obliquely upwards, another has a strait direc. tion from the breaft to the fharebone. A fourth pair affifts the ftraight mufcles in pulling down the breast, and the fifth are the tranfverfe pair which run from the loins and lowermest ribs, on each fide to the white line. The ufe of thefe mufcles is to comprefs the belly, and discharge the excrements: likewife they affift the midriff, together with the muscle of the breaft and ribs, in refpiration. from a process of the rack bones of the loins, and on the left from the uppermost of the loins, and the lowermoft of the breaft. It is inferted into the breast-bone, and the five lower ribs. The middle is flat and tendinous, till the commencement of the fleshy fibres. Thefe fibres proceed from hence as from a center, and are fent all round like the rays of a circle. When this mufcle acts, it pulls the ribs downwards, and affifts the mufcles of the lower belly in the expulfion of the excrement; but is more particularly useful in affifting refpiration. This mufcular fubftance is greatly relaxed and extended in broken winded horses. The heart is a noble part, whose shape and appearance is The breaft has four pair of well known to all. It is commufcles to expand and dilate the pofed of fibres that run in a spicheft, and two pair to contract ral direction; as alfo of trans and comprefs it. Thefe com- verfe, longitudinal, and ftraight pofe the flesh which belongs to fibres: by which means it acts as the brifket, and all the breaft a mufcle, and is the principal from the collar-bone down to the organ in the circulation of the pit of the ftomach; together blood. It has two cavities near with that which covers most of each other, whereof one is calthe foremost ribs. Some of thefe led the right venticle, and the proceed forwards from under the other the left. The pulmonic arfhoulder-blades and rack-bones | tery, which distributes the blood of the neck and cheft, and fome to the lungs, proceeds from the arife backwards from the rack-right ventricle, which is the larbones of the loins and os facrum. These are moftly inferted into the ribs, in fuch a manner as will beft promote an eafy rnd perfect refpiration. The intercoftal muscles are that portion of fle that lies between the ribs, whereof part are faid to be inter. nal, and part external. Thefe help to ftraiten and dilate the breaft alternately in breathing. The diaphragm or skirt is a mufcular fubftance which feparates the cheft from the lower belly. It arifes on the left fide geft and thinneft. The great artery which carries the blood to all the parts of the body, arifes from the left ventricle. Upon the upper part of each ventricle there is another cavity called the auricle. The vena cava, or great vein which brings the blood from all parts of the body, is joined to the right auricle; and the pulmonary vein which brings the blood back from the lungs, is joined to the left anricle. The auricles, like the ventricles, are set one against another. In the A Treatise on Farriery. 245 inward part of the ventricles | fhouldered. They are flender at there are feveral valves. Those which are placed at the entrance of the ventricle fuffer the blood to pafs from the heart, and hin. der it from returning the fame road. Those which are placed at the entrance of the auricles, permit the blood to enter into the ventricles, and prevent it from returning back the fame way. The whole inteftinal canal reaches from the top of the gullet to the anus, including the ftomach. One of their coats confifts of muscular fibres, which by their power of contraction affift digeftion, and promote the paflage of concocted aliments, part of which being turned into chyle, enters the villous coat of the intestines: they likewife forward the exit of the grofs excrementitious mafs that is left be hind. The anus or fundament has a fphincter mufcle feated at the extremity of the rectum or ftrait gut. It confifts of circular fibres, and furrounds the anus like a ring. Its ufe is to close the fundament, and to prevent the falling out of the gut. There is a muscle called the levator, which affifts the expulfion of the excrements: it rifes from the ligaments of the hip-bones and os facrum, and is inferted into the sphincter. There is also a sphincter mufcle which furrounds the neck of the bladder, to prevent the urine from coming away involuntarily. The muscles belonging to a horfe's yard are, the erector, the dilator, and the cremafter. The Scapula, or fhoulderblades have four pair of mufcles. The first are the cucullares, which are placed on the top of the withers, and when they are very fefly, they render a horfe thick their rife, and grow broader as they proceed to their infertion into the spine or ridge of the fhoulder blades, the collar, and the fhoulder-bones. The fecond are the levators, which cover the collar bones. They arife from the firft tranfverfe procefs of the neck, and are inferted in the fore part of the fhoulder, drawing them upwards and forwards. The third pair are feated under the pectoral mufcles, arifing from the four foremost ribs, and terminating in the anchor procefs of the blade- bone. These draw the fhoulder-blades forward. The fourth arifes from the lowermoft fpines of the neck, and the uppermost of the breast, and are inferted into the bottom of the fhoulder-blades by very ftrong tendons. When they act, they draw the fhoulder-blades a little upwards and backwards. Hurts or ftrains of the muscles produce lameness of the fhoulders. The fhoulder, properly to called, reaches from the point of the blade-bone to the elbow, and has nine mufcles: the first of which arifes from the collarbone, and running along part of the blade-bone, goes to be inferted about the middle of the fhoulder-bone, ferving to raise the shoulder upwards. The fecond proceeds from the ridge or fpine of the fhoulder-blade, and is inferted by a strong broad tendon into the neck of the fhoulder-bone. There are two which ferve to deprefs the fhoulders or pull them down: the firft, called latiffimus dorfi, arifes from the or facrum near the rump, from the haunch bones, and the rack-bones of the back, and fpreads over a great part of the back; its fellow doing the fame on the other Ii2 fide, 246 A Treatise on Farriery. There are two mufcles which bend the knee, and two others that extend it. The flexores or fide, and is inferted into the fhoulder bone. The other depreffor rifes from the lower fide of the fhoulder-blade, and is in-benders of the knee proceed fro.. the inner knobs or proceffes of the fhoulder-bone, and running down on the infide lower than the knee, are inferted into the hinder part of the top of the shank. The extenfores or extenders of the knee proceed from the outer procefs or knob of the fhoulderbone, the tendons of which paffing over the knee, are inferted into the fore part of the head of the shank. Thefe, together with the ligaments to which they are joined, compofe the tough fubftance on the fore part of the knee. ferted into the upper and inner fide of the fhoulder-bone. The pectoral muscles arife from the inner part of the fhoulder-blade, near its edge, and are inferted a little below the round head of the fhoulder-bone. They ferve to bring the fhoulder forward, The first of the remaining three has its rife under the ridge of the blade-bone, and terminates in one of the ligaments of the fhoulderbone. The fecond is feated between the fhoulder blade and the ribs, and terminates in another ligament of the shoulder-bone. The laft proceeds from the lower angle of the fhoulder-blade, and terminates in the neck of the fhoulder-bone. Hurts, fprains, ..and relaxations of the bones have produced a fwelling and a lamenefs, which have caufed many to think the fhoulder has been out of joint. But this is very feldom the cafe, and whenever it does happen, it will fcarce admit of a remedy. The fore leg has feveral muf. cles to perform its motion. The firft proceeds from the anchorlike process of the shoulder-blade and the upper edge, and terminates on the infide of the knee, a little above the joint. The fe'cond arifes from the middle of the fhoulder-bone, and is inferted near the fame place. These ferve to raise up the leg. Another mufcle arifes from the lower edge of the blade-bone, and is inferted into the outfide a little above the knee. Another arifes from the fhoulder-bone, and terminates in the fame place. Thefe, with two other fmall mufcles, compofe the fiefhy part of the limb. There are two flexores or bend. ers, and two extenfores or extenders, that belong to the fore pafterns and coffins-joints. The first of the flexores of the paftern reaches from the fhoulders to the hinder part of the paftern-joint, where it is inferted: its tendon forms the back finew of the fore leg. The other arifes from the upper part of the fhank-bone, and is inferted into the coffin-bone. The firft extender of the pafterns proceeds from the outer process or knob of the shoulder bone, and is inferted into the fore and outer part of the pafterns and the coffin bone. The other rifes fleshy from the inner procefs or knob of the fhoulder-bone; but quickly changes into a small tendon, and defcends to the bottom of the fole, where it terminates in a fleshy expanfion, which is very fenfible. Near the fore part of the inftep, and behind in the bending of the paftern, there is a ligament, like a ring, to fecure the tendons of the mufcles that pass to the bones of the paftern and coffin, and ferves to ftrengthen them, A Treatife on Farriery. them, as well as to keep them in their place. That part of a horfe is called the thigh, which reaches from the huckle or whirl-bone to the ftifle-bone or knee-pan. Three mufcles pull the thigh forwards, or raife the ftifle towards the belly. The first rifes from the traniverse proceffes of the lowermost vertebræ of the cheft. be neath the withers, and two or three of the uppermost of the loins, and ending in, a ftrong round tendon, is inferted into the leer head of the thigh-bone. The second rifes from the fharebone, and turning likewife into a ftrong round tendon, is inserted into the leffer head of the thigh. bone, near the ftifle. The third, as well as the rest of the muscles of the thigh, except two that turn the thigh obliquely, arise from the hip-bones, rump, and os facrum; prrt from their outfides, part from the infides, part more diftant, and. part nearer, and go to be inferted above the ftifle, or at the very extremity of the thigh-bone. Thefe compofe the fleshy part of the hip, and pafs over the hipjoint, to which they are a great fecurity. One of the pairs that turn the thigh obliquely, have their rife from the outer circum. ference of the ifchium, and the outer proceeds from the inner circumference. They are both inferted near the great rotator of the thigh, to prevent the irregu lar motions of the other muscles. The leg has five pair of muscles that ferve to extend it The first arifes from the upper part of the os ileum, and is broad and thin, making a kind of membranous expansion, which covers the greatest part of the other muf. cles of the thigh, and fpreading 247 over the ftifle, is inferted into the upper part of the tibia or legbone. The fecond rifes near the firft, and is alfo inferted into the leg-bone forwards, a little below the ftifle Thefe two have a fort of oblique courfe, but the third runs ftrait along the fore part or edge of the thigh, as far as the ftifle, where it changes into a broad ftrong tendon, which adheres close to the bone as it paffes over it, and is inferted into the upper head of the leg-bone. The other two are fo large, as chiefly to make up the fleshy part of the thigh. The first proceeds from the great trochanter and the neck of the thigh-bone, and the fecond from the leffer trochanter. The tendons of both the muscles pafs over the ftife, and uniting with the former, are inferted into the upper part of the leg-bone, the one towards the outfide, and the other towards the infide. The tendons of thefe mufcles, but more especially thofe of the laft three, compofe the ftrong cap or cover that lies over there knee-pan, in order to prevent a dislocation. The flexores or benders of the leg are four. It has likewife a muscle that moves it obliquely.' The two first rife from the procefs or knob of the coxendix or rump-bone, and are inferted backwards below the bending of the leg, behind the ftifle, oue on each fide: they make up the bulk of the flesh on the hind part of the thigh. The third arifes near the first and fecond; and the fourth from the middle of the fhare-bone, and paffing downward between the other two, are inferted into the back part of the leg-bone, near the middle. When it acts, it brings up the hock toward the hip. The two 248 A Treatise on Farriery. first acting fingly, draw the leg either to one fide or the other; but when they all act together, they draw the leg directly backwards. The fifth mufcle which moves the leg obliquely, has a broad and nervous origin at the outward head of the thigh-bone, and paffing obliquely down the thigh, terminates in the hinder part of the upper prominence of the leg-bone. Of the mufcles of the lower part of the leg or inftep, two ferve to lift them up. The first has a fleshy origin from the upper appendage of the leg bone, a a little below the ftifle: it adheres close to the bone as it defcends, and paffing beyond the cartilaginous or griftly part of the hock, is divided into two fmall tendons, which are inferted into the fore part of the inftep bone. This, when it acts, raises the instep and foot upwards, and bends the hock at the fame time. The fecond proceeds from the upper appendage of the leg a little below the ftife, and terminates on the outfide of the inftep-bone, affifting the other in the abovefaid action, and at the fame time inclining it fomewhat outwards. The The extenfores or extenders of the foot are three. The firft rifes with two heads from the inner and outer head of the thighbone, and with the two following answer to the mufcles which compofe the calf of the leg in men, namely, the gastrocnemius, the plantaris, and folaris. tendons of these three muscles uniting together, form the great tendon or mafter-finew, which is inferted into the back part of the ham, or the heel of the hock. It is called the tendo Achilles in men. Thefe mufcles ferve to stretch out the leg. The plantaris or muscle of the fole leaves the other two at the heel of the hock. and paffing along finewy on the hind part of the inftep-bone and paftern, runs under the annular ligament at the bend of the heel, by which it is kept in its place'; then turning flefly, it fpreads itself at the bottom of the foot, in the fame manner as the palmaris in the fore foot. There are two muscles that move the leg and foot, fideways: the firft rifes from the upper end of the leg-bone below the ftifle, and is inferted into the coffin. bone, it ferves to turn the foot inwards. The other proceeds from the hinder part of the fame bone, and paffing along the outfide of the hock, is alfo inferted into the coffin-bone; and when it acts, it turns the foot obliquely outwards." The ex The flexores or benders of the paftern and coffin-joint are two: the firft arifes from the hinder part of the leg-bone, and paffing down to the inftep and pafterns, is inferted into the coffin-bone. The fecond arifes a little below the hock, and is likewise inserted into the coffin-bone. tenfores are alfo two: the firft rifes from the thank, a little below the stifle, and is inferted into the coffin-bone. The fecond proceeds from the annular ligaments, on the upper part of the paftern joint, and is likewife inferted into the coffin bone. These ferve to extend the foot, place it firmly on the ground. and Of the INTEGUMENTS of a HORSE. THE hair needs no defcription only it is obfervable that it is thicker and fmoother in young horses than in the old. It is a great ornament, especially in those that have long manes and tails, When the skin has been wounded, burnt or fcalded, fo as to deftroy its texture, |