188 Horfe Roafting.-Trial at the Old Bailey. I quently been an eye witnefs to the above cruel and wicked treatment of the animal in question; and as fuch a practice is not confonant either to the feelings or dictates of humanity, the inhabitants of Egham and its neigh for an early infertion of the above in your ufeful paper. husband every penny: I had that day very little appetite, and as I could not eat what I had paid for, nor afford to lofe it, the leg and wing of the fowl were then wrapped up in a piece of paper, in my pocket; the thought of which being found there, ap-bourhood will be much obliged peared ten times more terrible than fighting the room round." "Enough! my dear boy, you have faid enough!-your name! let us dine together to-morrow: we must prevent your being fubjected again to fuch a dilemna.” LLIAM Parker was tried They met the next day, and the for wickedly, maliciously, General prefented him a captain's and felonioufly, maiming and commiffion, with a purfe of gui-wounding a black gelding, the meas to enable him to join the regiment. "A certain mad Doctor in this parish would do well to abstain from the cruel and deteftable practice of horse-roafting: for the capricious being alluded to, has been in the habit for feveral months paft, of ordering a very valuable animal to be brought two miles diftance, many hours before the fervices of the poor creature have been wanted. The confequence has been, that the horfe has uniformly waited for the fpace of five hours daily in the burning fun, for the last four months. TRIAL at the OLD BAILEY. Second Day of the July Seffions, 1794. BEFORE MR. JUSTICE HEATH, property of J. Clutterbuck, Efq. with whom he lived fervant. Robert Turner faid, that he was a coachman, and drove the Pinner stage. On the 29th of May, between Stanmore and Edgeware, he perceived a team coming towards him, of which the prifoner was the driver: the fore horfe appeared to be unruly, and the prifoner laid hold of him, and beat him with great violence about the head with the but end of a whip. Another witness spoke to the fame effect. Samuel Hunter faid, that, he faw the horfe immediately after it had been beaten by the prifoner. The animal's tongue was hanging out, and its mouth extremely bloody.-It did not ap pear in evidence that the prifoner's conduct was the effect of any malice he entertained towards the profecutor. The learned judge obferved, that, in order to fupport the indictment, it was neceffary that it hould appear in evidence that the prifoner had been actuated by malice towards the profecutor; but of this there was no proof. The jury found the defendant "The writer of this has fre--Not guilty. A TREATISE A Treatise on Farriery. A TREATISE on FARRIERY, with (Continued from page 72.) HE marks on the feet and Tlegs of horfes generally cor refpond with thofe on the face. Bald horfes have generally much white on their legs, and they are often all white. Horfes with large blazes are commonly marked in the fame manner. These are not unbecoming: but a horfe with little or no mark on his face, looks difagreeably with white legs, efpecially when the white rifes higher than the fetlock. A bald-face horse, or one that has a blaze, with his feet entirely of another colour, is thought to be badly marked. And fo is a horfe that has both his near feet white, as well as thofe that have both the off feet white, while the rest are not marked at all. Some diflike a horfe when the near foot before is white, and the off foot behind, and the contrary. According to the common opinion, thofe are beft marked that have the near foot, or bath feet behind white: or when the near foot, or both feet before are white: efpecially when the face has a radiated ftar, or a small blaze on his face. When the white parts about the feet are indented with black, or any other colour towards the coronet, or when the coronet is fpotted like ermine, the feet are looked upon to be good. When all the four legs are white, efpecially if it rifes above the knee, or hocks, and when the pafterns and hoofs are white likewife, it gives the horse an ugly appearance, inclining too much to the pye-bald. For which reafon few gentlemen will choofe to ride. them. VOL. IV. No. XXII. 189 Some horses that have short hair, and are finely coated, efpecially thofe that are ungelt, have a mark like a feather: Sometimes it is round, and fometimes long and narrow, like a feather, or an ear of barley. The round is often on the forehead; fome times on the fhoulders and brif. ket, looking like embroidery. When this mark is on the neck, it is placed immediately under the mane, and runs downwards towards the withers. When it is on both fides the neck, fo much the better. Sometimes they are on the thigh, running down towards the dock, and sometimes down the fore-arm, or in other places. Feathers in general are almost always the fign of the goodness of a horfe, and fome, times making an exceeding beautiful appearance. 190 A Treatise on Farriery. is, neither too high, nor too | weak, has a great influence in preferving health, and keeping off diseases. However, all the veffels are not of the fame confiftence; for fome are hard, as the bones and cartilages. Thefe ferve to fuftain the other parts, and give a firmness and attitude to the body. The foft parts are muscles, fkin, bowels, &c. The folid parts are divided into the fimilar and fimple, and the compound or organic. pofed of three fubftances; the one is compact, as the external part of the bone; the other is cellular, as the extremities of the long bones; the third is reticular, and is formed of flender threads, which proceed from, and cross the fpungeous fubftances. In the flat bones, as the fkull, there is no reticular fubftance. The oily fubftance in the cells of these bones is called mariow, as well as that in the cavities of the long bones. The cartilages or griftles are white, fmooth, polifhed, fupple, elaftic fubftances, without cavi The fimilar parts are the fibres, the membranes, the bones, the ligaments, the mufcles, the tendons, the aponeurofes, the glands, the blood-ties and marrow. They are harder veffels, the nerves, and the common teguments. The fibres are long flender threads of different kinds. Some are foft, flexible, and a little elaftic or fpringy. Thefe are hollow like pipes, or fpungeous, and full of little cells, fuch as the nervous and fleshy fibres; others are more folid and flexible, with a ftrong elafticity or fpring, fuch as the membranous or cartilagi*nous; another fort are hard and inflexible, as the fibres of the bones. A membrane is a flexible web of fibres, croffing each other in the fame plane. Their fineness depends on that of the fibres, and the thickness on the number of their feveral planes. When these cover the vessels, they are called tunics or coats. Their ufe is to line the principal parts of the body, to conftitute veins and arteries, as well as to cover the bones. The bones are the hardest parts of an animal body. The fubftance of the bone is a texture of folid fibres, differently difpofed according to the conformation of each bone. They are com. than the other parts, but not fo hard as bones. They cover the extremities of the bones at the joints, ferving to unite them more clofely, and to abate the friction. All the cartilages of the joints are covered with a membrane called perichondrum. The ligaments are white fibrous clofe compacted substances, which are more fupple and more pliant than the griftles; are hard to break, and cannot be extended or ftretched without great diffi culty. They ferve to tie the bones together, as well as to bound and preferve certain parts. The mufcles are maffes or bundles of reddish fibres, and are covered with their own proper membrane. The extremities of the muscles are generally terminated with white, flender, compact fibres, which forms a round. body called a tendon. When they are dilated into a thin, flat, and broad kind of membrane, it is called aponeurofis The red, foft parts of the mufcles are com. monly called flesh. Their action confifts in contracting the fibres. The glands are little bodies formed by the texture of fibres of A Treatise on Farriery. of every kind, and are covered with a membrane. Thofe that feparate any fluid from the blood, as the kidneys, are called conglomerate; thofe that ferve to perfect the lymph are termed conglobate thus the glands of the groin, armpits, &c. are conglobate glands. With regard to the blood veffels, the arteries, and the veins. The arteries are elaftic tubes which proceed from the heart, from whence they receive the blood, and convey it to all the parts of the body. The veins are only a continuation of the laft divifion of the arteries, and return the fuperfluous blood to the heart. The arteries have two motions, the one of a dilatation, called the diastole; the other of contraction, termed the fyftole. Thefe oppofite motions form the pulfe. The veins have no fenfible motion; but they contain valves at certain diftances, which hinder the blood from returning back. The lymphatic vessels are divided into arteries and veins: The lymphatic arteries are fmall tranfparent veffels, which convey an aqueous fluid, called lympha, to all the parts of the body. The lymphatic veins are only a continuation of the arteries of the fame name, which carry part of the lympha back to the blood. The lacteal veffels are a kind of lymphatic veins, because though they receive the chyle from the inteftines, yet they are full of lympha when that fluid is abfent The nerves are white cylindri cal cords which proceed from the brain and fpinal marrow. They have a covering from a membrane of the brain, called the dura mater, and are diftributed into all parts of the body, and convey a fluid called the animal spirits, 19t which are the principle of motion and perception. The adipofe membrane is placed on the internal furface of the fkin, and is a texture of very fine mem braneous leaves, in which are an infinite number of cells filled with fat, which communicate with each other. On the outfide of the hide or fkin is the hair, which ferves for cloathing, defence, and ornament. It lies thicker and fmoother on the young horses than the old. The Jcarf-fkin is the uppermost cover of the hide, all over the body, through which the hair grows. This is the part that rifes in bladders after blistering or burning. It ferves to defend the nervous papillæ from the immediate action of external bodies, whofe impreffion would be too painful without it. The fkin, or hide, I mean that part of it properly called the skin, is compofed of membranous and nervous fibres, and is fuil of veffels. On its external furface are' fmall glands, whofe excretory ducts open on the external furface, and ferve to carry off the fweat. On the outward part are the pyramidal papilla; thefe are fmall eminences which are extremely fenfible, efpecially in any part where the scarf skin is off. 192 A Treatise on Farriery. The chyle is a milky fluid, extracted from the aliments by means of digeftion. It is made fooner or later, according as the horfe's ftomach is ftronger or weaker. It confifts of feveral fluids, of the liquor that is expreffed from the falival glands to dilute the food in chewing; of the liquor proceeding from the glands of the fophagus or gullet; of the liquor of the ftomach; of the pancreatic juice; of the gall, and the fluids that proceed from the small intestines. The blood is a fluid that no animal can be without, because it fupports life and the ftrength of the body for when the vesfels are emptied of it, all the operations of the mind and body cease. When the blood is let out into a veffel, as foon as it is cold it coagulates and feparates into two parts, whereof one is red and like a curd, and the other is fluid and ferous. Some of the fluids which are feparated from the mafs of blood, are mixed with it again; fuch as the fat, the fynovia, the animal Spirits, &c. Some are carried entirely off, as the urine, the matter of infenfible perfpiration, and fweat. Another fort again are between both the former, part of which is thrown out, and part returns into the blood again; fuch as the faliva, the pancreatic juice, the bile, &c. OF THE BONES, CARTILAGES, AND LIGAMENTS. THE bones of a horfe's head are seventeen in number, which are as follow: the bone of the forehead: this in colts is divided by a future or feam down the middle, which wears out in time. The two parietal or fidebones: thefe are divided by a future which reaches along the middle of the head, from the forehead to the noll bone feated on the hind part of the head. All the bones of the head, except the temporal bones, are joined together by futures indented into each other, as in most animals. The temporal bones are united together by appofition, and to circumambient bones by a kind of gummy cement. They are thick, and very hard in the middle and lower part, but are thinner above, especially round their upper edges, The bones of the upper jaw are the wedge-like bone, the jugal bone, and the fieve-like bone. The other eight belong to the ear, four on each fide, and form the organs of hearing. The wedge-like bone is joined before to the frontal bone, and behind to the lower part of the occipital or noll bone, making the bottom or basis of the skull. The fieve like bone divides the noftrils, and gives a paffage to the feveral nerves or veffels which are fubfervient to the fenfes of feeing, hearing, and fmelling. There are feveral cavities in this bone filled up with fpungy Alefh. The upper jaw-bone is joined to thefe, and has a little procefs, which forms a part of the orbit of the eve. The cheek bone is part of this, and has a hollow below the eye on each fide, which is divided by four boney portions that open into the nose. There is like wife a little hole on each fide, through which a pipe paffes, to carry off the fuperfluous moifture from the glands at the inner corners of the eyes. When these are ftopt, it occafions the diftemper called the haw. On the lower part are the fockets of the teeth, which with the tusks are twenty, viz. fix fore-teeth, and |