their children under seven years of age shall be taken from them to be placed under Christian masters, and brought up in the Christian religion." It was at Toledo, also, that in the year 711 there existed an enchanted palace, into whose precincts none were allowed or dared to venture. A tradition was attached to it that the empire of the Goths in Spain would be destroyed when that palace was broken into. King Rodrigues, deeming that the tradition had been invented merely to prevent princes obtaining possession of the treasures shut up in the palace, disregarded it, and had the portals broken open. No treasures were found to gratify his cupidity, but a painting on linen was found which represented a race of men of extraordinary stature and equally strange dress and accoutrements, whilst beneath was an inscription in Latin, to the effect that "Spain will soon be devastated and subjected by a people who will resemble those here depicted." Needless to say, that these were the Saracens. So much for the legend, but tradition attributes the fall of Rodrigues to another cause. He is said to have ravished Florinda, surnamed "La Cava," the beautiful daughter of Count Julian. latter avenged himself by engaging the Saracens and Moors to conquer the Goths in Spain. A similar story is told of the conquest of Sicily by the same parties. A gateway is said to have existed at Malaga, whence Julian and his daughter embarked for Africa in the seventeenth century, which bore the name of "La Cava."

The

Carthagena, another terminus of the south-eastern railway, is one of the chief maritime arsenals of Spain. With scarcely 23,000 inhabitants in 1810, it now reckons 35,000. It was originally founded by the Carthagenian Asdrubal, who succeeded Amilcar in the government of Spain, and was himself succeeded by Annibal (if we wrote Hannibal, we must also write Hasdrubal and Hamilcar), who not only strengthened himself by an alliance with the daughter of King Milicé, but he also enriched himself by the gold and silver mines popularly known as the "wells of Annibal," and of which one alone is said to have furnished 300 lbs. of silver per diem!

The city of Saragossa, the central terminus of the north-eastern lines of railway, and the ancient capital of Aragon, is situated in a noble and extensive plain on the Ebro. The beauty of its position, the extent of the city, the magnificence of its edifices, the cleanliness of its streets, and the number, wealth, and politeness of its inhabitants, all contributed to render it one of the most famous cities of Spain. But Saragossa has obtained a still greater reputation from the heroism of its inhabitants. In the fifteenth century they put to death the tyrannical Alguazils with as much indifference as they slew the myrmidons of the Grand Inquisition. But the most remarkable incident connected with the city was its resistance to the French in 1808. It had for only defence what the French call a mur d'octroi, a preservative against the introduction of untaxed merchandise, yet Marshal Lannes assaulted the city repeatedly without success. He was obliged to open trenches as if besieging a regularly fortified place, and it was only after the lapse of twenty-seven days' siege and a general assault that the French were enabled to penetrate into the interior. But even then they were nearly a month before they could gain possession of the city. Notwithstanding the expenditure of 16,000 shells, and that disease and want was decimating the inhabitants, more

than 15,000 of these, out of 40,000 souls, had transformed themselves into desperate combatants. Men, women, children, old men, priests, and monks, converted every house into a citadel. One convent resisted with such pertinacity that the marshal had to bring a battery of fifty guns to its capture. The fourth of the French army perished in this notable siege, while one-half of the inhabitants succumbed in the heroic defence, so worthy of ancient Saguntem.

The railway from Saragossa to Pampeluna is under an especial company. Its capital is 27,500,000 fr., divided into 55,000 shares of 500 fr., and 12,500,000 fr. in "obligations." This railroad effects a junction, on the one hand, with the northern line, and on the other with the line from Saragossa to Madrid. It also is connected with the Mediterranean by Barcelona, and with the Atlantic by Bilbao, thus traversing the whole of the important regions of Central North Spain. It is in itself only 187 kilometres in length. It is expected to be ultimately prolonged to France by the Aldudes in the Pyrenees, instead of going with the northern line to Irun, which will effect a saving of 50 kilometres in going to Madrid. Sixty-eight kilometres of this line were opened in 1860, and it was expected that the whole line would be in working order this summer. It promises to be one of the most productive of all the Spanish railways, as it traverses Navarre and Aragon, the two most populous and fertile provinces of the Peninsula. The line from France to Madrid, by Valladolid, is 634 kilometres in length, that by Pampeluna and Saragossa is only 554. Pampeluna was founded by Pompey, to commemorate his victories over Sertorius and Perpenna, and he called it, as he did several cities in the East, after his own name, Pompeiopolis.

The railroad from Saragossa to Barcelona is also under an especial company, with a capital of 99,750,000 fr., of which 47,250,000 fr. were raised by 90,000 shares of 520 fr. each, 31,500,000 by "obligations," and 21,000,000 by subsidy. The line is 366 kilometres in length, of which nearly one-half (from Barcelona to Lerida) is in operation. It is almost especially a Barcelona line, having its origin in that city, the most commercial and opulent in all Spain since the middle ages. It inherited the spoils of Carthagena, and even followed in the traces of Venice and of Genoa, for it was at that time a free city. It was only when it was subjected by monarchial or monarchal despotism that it began to decline. Of late, however, it has assumed new life, the spirit of commerce and industry have reawakened, and the population has increased to 220,000, with 130,000 in its suburbs. The Barcelona railway traverses Catalonia, benefiting a population of at least 1,000,000 of inhabitants, and it passes the towns of Manresa, Calaf, and Lerida, before it arrives at Saragossa, the centre of a great commerce of wool and cereals, and where it is connected with the lines to Madrid on the one hand, and with those to Pampeluna, Santander, Bilbao, and France on the other.

There is a short railway, with a capital of 9,000,000 fr., in 18,000 shares of 500 fr. each, between Montblanch and Reuss, also in Catalonia, with an extent of only 28 kilometres, and for which a total of 12,000,000 fr. has already been raised. This line accommodates, however, a small tract of country which is exceedingly productive in wine, corn, and fruit, and which supports a population of from 6000 to 7000 souls. This little railroad will further be in connexion, by the Reuss-Tarragona line, with

Barcelona, and, by the Montblanch-Lerida line, with the whole system of Spanish railways. The line from Reuss to the port of Tarragona is actually in operation. The port of Tarragona, in which a mole is being constructed, is said to be incomparably superior to that of Barcelona, and to be able to give shelter to a thousand vessels, and merchandise going from Central Spain to be shipped in the Mediterranean, will save 100 kilometres by being conveyed to Tarragona in preference to Barcelona.

Another important branch railroad unites Grao, Valencia, and Almansa to the Madrid and Alicante line. This line, which is 138 kilometres in length, with a capital of 24,722,000 fr., has been in operation since November, 1859. The terminus of this line is so situated at Grao, the port of Valencia, that goods can be shipped and unshipped at the station itself. This line, by its junction with the Madrid and Alicante line, is put into connexion likewise with Lisbon and the Tagus, with Badajoz and the Guadiana, and with Cadiz and the Guadalquivir, as also with the north ports by the north line, and a further railway communication is projected direct between Valencia and Barcelona-a project which, considering the fertility of the country through which it would be carried, and the traffic it would give rise to, could scarcely be otherwise than remunerative. It would also, with the carrying out of the line from Barcelona and Perpignan, do much towards completing the circuit of the Peninsula.

The southerly and south-west line of Spain, or that from Madrid to Cadiz, belongs in its upper part, as we have before seen, to the Madrid and Alicante company. It is, indeed, the same line to a little beyond Alcazar de San Juan, whence a new line proceeds to Manzanarès, where it bifurcates into two great branches, one going by Badajoz to Lisbon, the other by Cordova and Seville to Cadiz. The Madrid-Alicante line only obtained the concession of the Manzanarès-Cordova line-248 kilometres in length-in 1860.

The Cordova-Seville railroad belongs to a particular company, with a capital of 27,000,000 fr.-18,000,000 fr. in shares, and 9,000,000 fr. in "obligations." It is also subsidised by the province for twenty years. It is 131 kilometres in length, and is expected to be prolonged from Seville to Merida and Badajoz. Cordova, founded by Marcus Marcellus, and which, in the time of the Moors, boasted of its 300,000 inhabitants, now scarcely contains 40,000. This pride of Andalusia was the birthplace of three very different characters-the Stoician Seneca, preceptor to Nero; of Lucan, the poetical historian of the wars of Cæsar and Pompey; and of the "Great Captain Gonsalvo," the indomitable enemy of the Moors, and the conqueror of Naples.

The railroad from Seville to Cadiz is also called that of Xeres and Puerto-Real, and is under an especial company, with a capital of 48,125,000 fr., of which 23,750,000 fr. in shares of 500 fr., and the remainder in "obligations." The first railway in this region was a detached line of communication between Xeres and Puerto-Real, called the Trocadero, of 27 kilometres in length. The prolongation of the line was effected by the Company of Credit of Spain, and so satisfied were they with the results obtained, that it was with the greatest disinclination possible that they were induced to make a certain number of shares public. Nothing, indeed, can exceed the territorial richness of the valley

of the Guadalquivir. It produces plants of the most diverse descriptions, and they prosper there almost without cultivation. Silk, indigo, cochineal, sugar, tobacco, honey, oranges, dates, and fruits of all kinds. and characters abound. The most important produce, however, consists in cereals, in olive oil, and in the admirable wines. The pastures feed that splendid race of horses which was introduced into Andalusia by the Moors, and the innumerable flocks of Merinos sheep, whose fleece is the finest in the world. The flanks of the mountains present vast basins, from whence marble, coal, iron, copper, lead, mercury, and silver are extracted. The population of the two provinces of Andalusia and Estremadura equals that of a third of all Spain. To form an idea of its density-Seville contains 120,000 inhabitants; Xeres, 80,000; Cadiz, 75,000; San-Fernando, 20,000; San Lucar, 19,000; Puerto-Real and Santa Maria, 18,000; Utrera, 14,000; and Alcala, 11,000. and Cadiz are the great emporia of this vast fertile and populous region. The Guadalquivir used to boast of its 12,000 villages. The line from the future capital of Southern Spain to Xeres is actually in operation, and the circuitous termination, which is to unite Puerto-Real with the peninsulated Cadiz, is being also rapidly brought to completion. A branch road will also bring Malaga and Granada within the network of the Spanish railways, by a junction at Antequara, and another with the Seville-Cordova line. With such increased facilities of intercommunication and exportation, new vines will be planted, new vineyards will decorate the slopes of the sierras of Andalusia and Granada, and the generous wines of Malaga and of Xeres will spread thence all over the world, more abundant, not less carefully manufactured, and cheaper than ever.

COUNT CAVOUR.

ALTHOUGH we have been consistently opposed to the policy Sardinia has displayed during the recent struggle for Italian independence, simply from the reason that we are no advocates of that system which does evil that good may result from it, we cannot permit the death of the masterspirit of that policy to pass over without a word of notice. The Count CAVOUR We believe to have been the greatest Italian of the age, and his very failings were only an exaggeration of the national character. He was a liberal Machiavelli, and tortuous diplomacy was his delight; but we cannot deny him the great merit of having ever acted through a spirit of sincere conviction, and the welfare of his country was the subject of his every action and thought. Whether a more favourable result might not have been attained by straightforwardness, is a question we are not disposed to enter into: of the dead we wish to say nothing, unless it be good. The count has disappeared from the scene, and, although his opponents in principle, we sincerely regret his loss, for he was the only diplomatist of fair, unhappy Italy who offered a prospect of being

able to "ride on the whirlwind and direct the storm." His death must be regarded as a national calamity, for with his great wisdom he was competent to prevent the renewal of hostilities, while his firm, unbending will offered a reasonable guarantee against the spread of French influence in Italy. The career of such a man is eminently worthy, therefore, of a place and honourable mention in our pages, and the following article may be regarded as an "In Memoriam" which we offer to him, now that death has caused a cessation of those hostilities which we thought it our duty to carry on against him and his system since the commencement of the latest phase of Italian affairs.

Count Cavour belonged to one of the oldest and most patrician families in Sardinia, which, indeed, boasted the blood royal of the princes of Savoy. Bayle St. John, in his "Subalpine Kingdom," goes so far as to insinuate that the count was intimately connected with a much later representative of the dynasty, but there is no honourable authority for the calumny, which appears the result of that inveterate propensity republicans have for blackening the aristocracy. Count Camillo, the subject of our sketch, was born at Turin on August 10, 1810, a sister of the Emperor Napoleon standing sponsor for him at his baptism. He was educated in the Royal Military Academy, much against his will, and at the age of fifteen his quick parts and amiable manner recommended him to Charles Felix, who appointed him a page. But even at that early age Cavour could not endure the artificial life of a court, and managed speedily to be dismissed from his unthankful office. To screen himself from the anger of his family at their blighted hopes, the young count applied himself diligently to his studies, and was regarded by his professors as one of the most promising mathematicians ever educated in the academy. At the age of twenty, Count Cavour left college with the rank of lieutenant in the Engineers, but the liberal tendencies he evidenced at that early age rendered promotion impossible for him, for the Jesuits ruled the country. He therefore, ere long, laid down his commission and devoted himself to the management of his large estates. After a while he resolved to improve his mind by travelling, and came to London, where he remained for several years, his rank and fortune obtaining him access to the first. circles. He carefully studied the political and social economy of our country, and fostered that love of constitutional government which he never surrendered to his dying hour.

In 1842, Cavour returned to Turin, and began organising a quiet opposition to the reactionary tendencies of the Della Margherita government. As the first step, he formed a great agricultural society, known as the "Societa Agraria," which soon numbered nearly two thousand members, belonging to the most influential classes. We may feel well assured that politics were not excluded from the debates of the society, and the articles Cavour wrote in the Agricultural Journal, though ostensibly devoted to improvements in English husbandry, had the further object of showing that constitutionalism promoted, while absolutism retarded, progress. When the Pope at length gave the impetus to the liberal tendencies of Italy, the constitutional party in Piedmont began to attain a certain degree of cohesion, and had a powerful repre sentative in the Risorgimento, which Cavour started in conjunction with his friend, Cesare Balbo. Through these and other public measures,