fined it to the state of the Synagogue at the time of Chrift and his Apoftles. The inference to be drawn from thefe premifes is ob vious. If focial worship was in ufe amongst the Jews, and nearly in the fame form as the prefent Chriftian worship, it is rath, it is unpardonable, to ftigmatize the latter as "the parade of mifguided fuperftition, as the contrivance of mere hypocritical formality." No difference can reasonably be fuggefted, which will justify thefe odious appellations with regard to the one, and render them unwarrantable with refpect to the other. Had the Jews no demure hypocrites among them? No men, who after pating fix days in total difregard of their duty, "Imote their breaft on the feventh, and lifted up their hands and eyes in all the mimickry of devotion ?" Or was their public fervice as free from noife and acclamations as that which takes place in the clofet? The afperfion therefore falls alike upon the Jewish and Chriftian worship. And if fo, how could Chrift overlook fuch blemishes in the former? Either he was not, what he pretended to be, the good shepherd who taketh care of his flock, or those who entertain fuch unfavourable notions of Public Worthip are totally mistaken.' The reafon which Mr. Bruckner affigns, why we do not read in the New Teftament, of Chrift's praying with the multitude, is new and highly fatisfactory: Selected out of the common mafs of nations to be the depoftaries of the doctrine of one God, creator and preferver of all things, the Jews, ever fince the beginning of their existence as a people, had been trained up in habits of the ftrictek uniformity,. with refpect to the manner in which the Deity was to be worshipped. With a view to this, Mofes, in oppofition to the facred groves and hills of the Gentiles, had erected the tabernacle, and commanded the Ifraelites thither to carry their burnt offerings, their tithes and facrifices: thither to direct their steps when difpofed to affemble in the name of the Lord their God ‡; and rigorous beyond measure were the punishments denounced against the oppofers of this injunction. If a prophet, a dealer in figns and wonders had taught any thing to the contrary, though his figns and wonders should come to pas, he was to be put to death. Nay, if a man had been tempted by another, to worship in a way not known to him before, nor to his fathers, whether the feducer were his fon, his daughter, the wife of his bofom, or his friend which he loved as his own foul, the deguced was to diveft himself at once of all pity, and be the firit who laid violent hands on him, in order to take away his life§. Whatever might be the oppofition to this Law of Mofes under the Kings of Judea, when the contest between the monarchical and the In rituum a miniftris Synagogæ obfervandorum, ad illa tantom munia fpectabimus, quæ illis tempore Chrifti & Apoftolorum fuerunt demandata. Ibid. Ocratical party ran high, certain it is, that under the Maccabees, when Theocracy was re-established, and the reins of government wholly thrown into the hands of the priests, it recovered the full afcendency, which it has preferved ever fince. From that time the cry among the Jews has been conftantly, One God, one mode, one place of worship. That this was their doctrine when Christ appeared amongst them, appears from Jofephus †, whose words I have here in a great meafure copied; and that they put it at that time in practice, is evident from the little encouragement they gave to ftrangers. The Jews had their Synagogues, in Alexandria, in Antioch, in Rome, in almost every one of the diftinguished cities of the empire; but no heathen places of worship, of what kind foever, were fuffer ed in that part of the land which was in the occupation of the Jews only; and no fooner had Chrift's Apoftles and First Difciples begun to fet up another name in oppofition, as it were, to that of the Lord than they were afked by what authority they did it. A question which not being anfwered in a fatisfactory manner, furnished an occafion of putting one of them to death, under a pretence of having spoken blafphemous words again ft Mofes and against God; and great havock was made of the Church, men and women being dragged out of their houses, and committed to prison §. Such were the laws of the Jews and their attachment to them, at the time of Chrift's coming. The enmity which fubfifted between the Pharifees and the Sadducees, fo far from retarding the operation of these laws, only ferved to render it more ftable. Both thefe parties courted popularity; by a ftrict attention, the one to tradition and legal ordinances, the other to the adminiftration of justice and moral propriety. In confequence of which, whatever wore the afpect in the eyes of the multitude of an innovation of the Law of Mofes, became an immediate object of animadverfion to both parties; and the Sadducees were the more inclined to execute the law against the Chriftian Doctrine, as it taught the Refurrection from the Dead. • If we take into confideration all these circumstances, viz. The extreme rigor of the Jewish Law, against innovators in religion; the unfhaken attachment of the people to thefe laws; and the vigilance of their magiftrate, with a view to their execution, fo as to preclude as much as poffible, and at all times, any practice or inftitution to the contrary; we shall have no occafion for Mr. W-'s hypothefis to account for Chrift's referve with regard to the introduction of a Social Worship, diftinct from that of the Synagogue. It is abundantly explainable from the nature of fuch an undertaking, which was confiftent neither with the laws of the country, the temper and habits of the people, nor, what I fhould have mentioned firft, the plan of conduct adopted and followed by Chrift during the whole courfe of his miniftry, which was to avoid every action that fubjected him to the imputation of having a defign either upon the Ikenii Antiq. Heb. part II. cap. iii. § 16.' Cont. Apion. Lib. ii. cap. 23. § iv. 2.' civil or ecclefiaftical establishment of the country *. Whether praying to the multitude, or his difciples, in private houses, in the ftreets, and in the fields, and drawing by that means people from the Synagogue, was not incurring that imputation, I muft leave to the reader.' Throughout this whole pamphlet, found argument is enlivened with pleasant farcafm. The general impreffion, which it will leave on the minds of readers, will, we apprehend, be, that Mr. W. as far as concerns the queftion of public worship, muft retire from the field as a vanquished man. ART. VI. Compendium of Ancient Geography, by Monf. D'Anville. Tranflated from the French. Illuftrated with Maps, carefully reduced from thofe of the Paris Atlas, in Imperial Folio; with a Map of Roman Britain from the learned John Horley, M. A. F.R. S. and with Prolegomena and Notes by the Tranflator. Defigned for private Libraries, as well as for the Ufe of Schools. 2 Vols. 8vo. 12S. Boards. Faulder. 1791. M. D'ANVILLE'S Ancient Geography is fo well known, and fo generally admired, that we have only to confider the merit of this tranflation, and that of the notes and prolegomena which accompany it. The anonymous tranflator obferves, p. 1. that the modes of time and place mingle fo intimately with our perceptions of events, that the recording and defcriptive parts of Chronology and Geography have been called, by an analogous metaphor, the eyes of hiftory. The work of M. Morant, (he fays,) is confidered as too analytic and abrupt to make much impreffion on the memory. In fimilar language, the tranflator proceeds to give us what he terms a diftinct idea of the ancient inhabitants of Europe. He thinks there are ftrong evidences that the Latin is fundamentally a Celtic speech;' and the principal part of his prolegomena is employed in examining the hiftory and characteristic diftinctions of the Celts and Goths; on which fubjects he retracts the opinions previously given in his notes, and copied from the Macpherfons. A book intended for the use of schools, fhould have been, especially, free from fuch contradictions; and an introduction to D'Anville's Geography ought to have been filled with matter more interefting as well as more authentic. The tranflator's notes are not always very important. To gratify the ingenious curiofity of youth, for whofe ufe this Englifh edition is principally defigned,' he tells us that he has annexed the etymologies of the Greek names, that are not fuffi * See Locke's Reasonableness of Chrißianity.' ciently ciently interpreted in the text!'-but he has annexed the Greek etymologies of Trichinopoly and other places, which, probably, had no connexion with Greek roots. As a fpecimen of the ftyle of this tranflation, we shall infert the fhort article of Bactriana: Bactriana extends along the fouthern bank of the Oxus, which feparates it from Sogdiana. The mountains, which are a continuation of the Paropamifus, covering the north of India, bound Bactriana towards the fouth. This country is faid to be of fuch high antiquity as to have been conquered by Ninus. It was fubjected to the Perfians fince the time of Cyrus, but was never conquered by the Parthians. At the time of the infurrection of these against the Syrian kings, the Greeks, who under thefe princes governed the remote provinces, rendered themfelves independent in Bactriana; and became fo powerful by new conquests, that the country to the mouths of the Indus, and much beyond the limits of Alexander's conquefts, was fubjected to them. There is a confiderable confufion in the names of rivers in Badriana. Ochus cannot be the fame river as that already cited; fince, united with the Dargomanes, it falls into the Oxus. The name of Badrus is given to a river which fhould communicate it to the capital. This capital, called Bactra, had also the name of Zariapa, which alfo appears to be applied to the river Bra&us. We know at prefent but the name of the principal river, which receives another near the capital; and this name is Dehash. As to the modern name of Balk, which has fuperfeded that of Bara, it should not be esteemed an alteration of this name; but rather an appellative term, denoting a principal city; this having merited fuch diftinction in all ages. We fee, in the march of Alexander to invade Bactriana, that, after traverfing the mountains, he found on his paffage a city named Drapfaca, or Darafja; and the topical difpofition of the country offers to obfervation a place called Bamian, at the iffue of the gorges which give entrance to it. To this canton, named Gaur or Gour, may be applied the name of Guria, which Polybius ufes in fpeaking of an expedition of Antiochus III. againt Euthydemus, who be came fovereign in Bactriana. The Tochari were mountaineers, on, the declivity which regards Baariana; and Tokaristan is stili the name of the country between the mountains and the Gihon, or Oxus. A city under the name of Aornos, which appears common to many places strong by fituation, can be no better affigned than to Talekan, having a cattle on a mountain called Nokrkoh, or the Moun. tain of Silver, and which was befieged by Zenghizkhan. And this concludes what we have to fay concerning Bactriana. It must ne vertheless be added, that if Piolemy here places Maracanda, which actually belongs to Sogdiana, it is that the latitude of this city does not amount to the height where to he advances Sogdiana, but is in The termination of this word fignifies country, or region, in the Perfian language; as Arab-efan, Frank-eftan, (Europe), Khourd-eftan, Hindco-efan, &c. cluded cluded in the fpace which he affigas by a proportionate exagge-ration to this country immediately contiguous.' M. D'Anville, like all other French geographers, spells the names of places differently from the manner in which they are fpelt by their refpective inhabitants. The tranflator has, in this particular, very properly deviated from the practice of his original, and has followed the orthography of an English Atlas. This, however, he has done only in the cafe of Spain, Italy, Germany, and the British ifles. He has likewise attempted an improvement in D'Anville's Indices, four in number, which he has reduced to three. We wish he had reduced them to one. Git. ART. VII. The Hiftory of Herodotus, tranflated from the Greek. With Notes fubjoined. By J. Lempriere, A. B. 8vo. PP: 459. 75. Boards. Cadell. 1792. TRANS RANSLATIONS of the ancients have lately been given to the public in pairs. We have had Lucian tranflated by Franklin and by Carr; Ariftotle's Poetics by Twining and by Pye; and now Herodotus by Beloe and by Lempriere. However, as flore is no fore, the world will have no right to complain that different writers chufe to contend on the fame ground for the prize of fame. Each tranflator may have his own particular merit, and both may contribute to the diffufion of knowlege and learning. We have lately had occafion to express our opinion of Mr. Beloe's tranflation of Herodotus * ; and without entering into any invidious comparison, we now introduce the firft volume (which is all that is yet publifhed,) of Mr. Lempriere's verfion of the fame hiftorian, to the notice of our readers, as a work of confiderable merit. From the parts of the tranflation which we have compared with the original, we conclude Mr. L. to be well qualified for his undertaking: but, as we wish to enable the learned reader to form a judgment for himself, we shall quote a paffage from this volume relating to the cuftoms of the Egyptians: Of the Egyptians that I have vifited, thofe that have fixed their habitation in that part of the country where agriculture is purfued, feemed to claim a greater degree of refpect for their knowledge, and their fuccessful exercife of the power of memory. In their manner of life they are fingular; in every month they purge themfelves three fucceffive days, and, by the application of clyfters and of emetics, they fhow their attention to preferve and to improve their health, fenfible that all diforders originate in the different ali. ments which are taken into the body. After the natives of Libya, * See Review, vol. vi. New Series. they |