It appears from the readings which have been adopted in the text, that the author has made ufe of the best editions in the prefent compilation. He likewife frequently propofes his own emendations; as, for inftance, on Val. Flacc. iii. 598. where, however, the common reading, with a change of the punctuation only, is fufficiently clear: "At Sociis immota fides auftrifque fecundis certa (i. e. immota) moræ nec parvus Hylas;" that is, nec more, in the dative cafe, fuit parvus Hylas. So in Propert. iv. 12-50. The fenfe is the fame, whether we read fuo according to the prefent, or meo with the received text: "Proptereà quod adfunt, adfident mihi tanquam advocatæ." In the last verse the most natural reading feems to be,

66

Cujus honoratis offa vehantur avis;"

i. e. “habear digna effe, cujus offa inferantur avis, ad avos, in monumentum majorum honoratorum.'

The second volume will confift chiefly of extracts from the didactic poets. Jen. Litteraturzeitung.

SWITZERLAND.

ART. 37. Delectus opufculorum ad omnem rem medicam Spectantium, quæ primum à celeberrimis Italiæ medicis edita, recudi curavit & præfatus eft J. J. Römer, M. & Chir. D. Turici. Vol. I. 470 pp. in 8vo. As this is merely a reimpreffion of fcarce and ufeful medical and chirurgical tracts, firft printed in Italy either feparately, or as parts of greater works, we fhall be fatisfied with giving our readers their titles only in the order in which they occur in the prefent volume: 1. Antonius Scarpa de ftructurâ feneftræ rotunda, Mutina, 1772;-2. J. Paletta de nervis crotaphitico & buccinatore, Mediolani, 1784;3. M. A. Caldani de ureterum inæqualitate; de chordæ tympani officio, taken from the fecond part of the Saggi fcientifici e letterarii dell' Academia di Padova;-4. Laur. Nannoni de fimilarium partium humanum conftituentium regeneratione differtatio, Mediolani 1782;—5. P. Valcarenghi de verâ praxi medicis neceffaria & ægrotis utili, Cremona 1742-6. J. P. Frank de populorum miferia morborum genetrice, Delect. Opufc. Vol. IX.-7. H. Mercurialis Nomothelafmus, five de ratione lactandi infantes, Patavii 1552;—and 8. J. P. Frank de morbis pecudum à medentibus nequaquam prætereundis. To the whole is prefixed, A view of the ftate of medicine and furgery in Italy from the year 1789, of which the author promifes a continuation.

Goetting. Anzeig. ART. 38. Heinterlaffene Gedichte von Ephraim Mofes Kuh,

Zürich.

Pofthumous Poems of E. M. Kuh. Vol. I. 272 pp. Vol. II. 254 PP•

in 16m0.

To a perfon acquainted with the prefent ftate of German literature, it will be a fuflicient recommendation of thefe poems to fay, they were thought worthy of publication by Ramler, who himself undertook the

bufinefs

bufinefs of felection. They confift chiefly of Epigrams, Songs, and Fables; in the firft of which fpecies of poetry the author has taken Martial for his model, as the Songs or Odes, except one, on "The Praise of God,” which had hitherto been ascribed to Mendelsohn, are in the tafte of Catullus and Anacreon. The Fables are not lefs remarkable for that elegant naïveté, which ought to be the leading feature of that fort of compofition. To the Poems is added, A Life of the Author, who was an intimate acquaintance of Mendelfohn, Ramler, Leffing, and other learned men, and who died in the year 1790.

SWEDEN.

ART. 39. Geographie afwer konungriket Sverige, &c.

Ibid.

Geography of the kingdom of Sweden, and of the countries which depend on it; 6th edit. II vols. 8vo. Stockholm.

For this edition of a very circumftantial defcription of a country, with many parts of which we were before imperfectly acquainted, the public is indebted to the induftry of Mr. Gjoerwell, who has made confiderable additions to the work, taken chiefly from MS. accounts of the different towns and provinces of Sweden, with which he was fupplied. Stockholms poften.

ART. 40. Utkaft til forlæfnigar æfwer almænna historien, &c. Sketches of lectures on univerfal history, from the beginning of the 16th century. By M. Fant, profeffor in the university of Upial. In Four

Parts.

The author, who holds a diftinguished rank among thofe learned men who contribute to fupport the reputation of Sweden, divides the three centuries which enter into the plan of his work into fix periods; the first of which extends to the peace of Cateau Cambrefis in 1559; the fecond to that of Vervins in 1598; the third to that which bears the name of the Pyrenees, 1659; the fourth period to the pacification of Ryfwick, 1697; the fifth to that of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748; and the laft to the prefent time.

Though Mr. Fant has not yet executed more than a third part of this tafk, what is here publifhed reaching only to the death of Guftavus Adolphus in 1632, we are however convinced, that he is in every refpect qualified to be the hiftorian of an enlightened age. In the introduction he avails himself, as might be expected, of the labours of Dr. Robertson, whofe celebrated history of Charles V. commences with the fame period.

Mr. Fant accedes to the opinion of those who afcribe the origin of printing to the lefs important invention of cards, by which it was, at leaft, certainly preceded. Cards have been known ever fince the year 1388, and the difcovery of them is attributed to Jacquemin Gringonneur, who made them for the purpofe of amufing Charles V1. king of France. To the teftimony of the Chronicle of Jean de Saintré on this subject, may be added that of the register of the Chambre des comptes, where it appears, that Charles Poupart, treasurer of that king,

"avoit donnés 56 fous Parifis à J. Gringonneur, peintre, pour trois "jeux de cartes à or & à diverfes couleurs, pour porter devers ledit feigneur Roi pendant les intervalles de fa funefte maladie." The firft game invented was, it feems, picquet, of which the idea was borrowed from the joufts and tournaments fo fashionable at that time. David, Alexander, Cefar, & Charlemagne, have each their respective quadrille (troupes de Cavaliers pour un carroufel). Their favourite ladies were Judith, wife of Louis le debonnair, Argine, the Anagram of Regina, by whom was to be understood Mary of Anjou, confort to Charles VII. Rachel, the name affigned to Agnès Sorel, and Pallas, who was to reprefent the heroic courage of Jeanne d'Arc. The valets, knaves, or fquires of the four kings, a very honourable title in those times, were Lahire and Hector Dégalard, two captains of Charles VII. with Lancelot and Dogier, heroes famous in the wars of Charlemagne. But fuperior to all the reft was the ace, derived from the word as, or affis, of the ancient Romans, which fignifies money, of which these tournaments, like their real wars, required immenfe fums. Among the colours, the hearts are the emblem of the courage of the cavaliers; by diamonds (carreaux) were denoted javelins, from their form; fpades (les piques) were another kind of military weapon, and by clubs (les trefles, trefoil) was meant the neceffary forage. The names engraved in wood under the figures are the first known impreffion of letters. By degrees a greater quantity of text was added, and in procefs of time not only entire pages, but even books were printed in this manner, fuch as the Ars moriendi, by Gerfon, the Speculum humanæ falvationis, the Dialogus Creaturarum moralifatus, &c. Afterwards John Gutenberg, of Mentz, whofe firft attempts were of the fame nature, improved on the difcovery by introducing the ufe of moveable characters. Ibid.

RUSSIA.

ART. 41. Verfuck einer Beschreibung Petersburg, von Georgi.

Efay towards a Description of Petersburg, by Georgi.

In a city like Petersburg, the latest description has always a great advantage over thofe by which it was preceded, though the merit of the authors may, in other refpects, be very different. Since the laft account of this city, publifhed about ten years ago, there have been added to it the new palace of the emprefs, built of marble, the Catholic and Armenian churches, that of the Afcenfion, the great tower of the church of the Refurrection, the fuperb triumphal arch which forms the principal gate of the city, the Pantheon, the Exchange, the great market, the Place du chateau, the quay on the Neva, the Hotel of the Academy of Sciences, the great Theatre, the public prifons, the Emprefs's ftables, the poft-office, feveral hofpitals, and other public edifices, as well as a great number of fuperb houfes belonging to rich individuals. When, to the defcription of fo many new edifices, is added a more exact knowledge of those which exifted before, procured by the author during a refidence of fixteen years in that capital, we cannot but entertain a very favourable opinion of this work, which has likewife the advantage of being formed on the model of the celebrated account of Berlin by Nicolai.

According to Mr. G. the circumference of this city is three German leagues and an half, though he allows that the river, the gardens, and other places, in which there are no buildings, occupy more than one half of that space. In the town they reckon fixty-nine churches, fiftyfix of which belong to the Greek, which is there the established religion. The number of ftreets amounts to one hundred and twenty-three, excluding the causeway which communicates with Zarfko-Selo and Peterhof, of which every werft (one quarter of a French league) coft 25,000 rubles. The police is on the best footing; even the precautions against injury by fire daily employ 1622 perfons. Agreeably to a late calculation, the population of this city amounted to 217,948 fouls, without reckoning the court, the academies, and the garrifon. It is remarkable, that between the year 1760 and 1780, there died at Petersburg, from the age of 20 to 25, males 14,752, and of females only 973. With refpect to religious matters, fuch is the toleration here, that public fervice is performed at Petersburgh in fourteen different languages. Their hofpitals likewife evince the humanity of the government. There are feparate ones for the land-foldiers, for the navy, the city, for venereal cafes, inoculation, befides lying-in and foundling hofpitals, together with a great variety of charitable inftitutions.

In regard to their literary establishment Mr. G. obferves, that though the Ruffians cannot be faid to have written books more than half a century, they have now about 4000 volumes in that language. Without taking in the imperial preffes, they have at prefent four others in Peterfburg, to the first of which, established in 1780, we are indebted for a fplendid edition of the Coran. Their libraries are fufficiently known, and there are now in the capital not lefs than 65 perfons, chiefly indeed Germans, who have diftinguifhed themfelves by their publications. The places fet apart for education reflect great honor on the emprefs, and on the perfons employed by her. That for cadets in the army, who are in number from fix to feven hundred, forms an entire town of nearly a league in circumference, and cofts the government 200,000 Rubles annually. For the Cadets du Génie (fortification) there is a feparate inftitution, of which the yearly expence is reckoned at 120,000 Rubles: befides which there are, the Greek school, for 200 children of that nation; an house of education for young women to the number of 480, one half of which confifts of nobility, and the other of the bourgeoife, which likewife ftands the government in 180,000 rubles a year; a fchool for inftruction in navigation; and another for the cultivation of the Ruffian language.

As to their manner of living, it is obferved, that there is perhaps no country in the universe, which draws its fubfiftence from fo great diftances as Ruffia, moft of their cattle for flaughter coming from Aftracan, and the neighbourhood of the Don and Wolga, that is, upwards of 400 French leagues, and fome of their fish from Pruffia, though thofe of the Neva are likewife excellent.

Their public amusements are numerous and magnificent, and their mufic very good. These exhibitions are attended with an expence to the court of 180,000 rubles annually.

Profeffor White is about to reprint Pocock's Specimen Hiftoria Arabum, at Oxford.

The London Horace, Variorum, in two fuperb volumes quarto, fuperintended by Mr. Combe, and faid to be enriched with fome notes by Dr. Parr, is on the very point of being completed. The London edition of Heyne's Virgil is now alfo in the fame ftate.

Dr. Warton is preparing his new edition of Pope's works. Mr. Malone is indefatigably proceeding towards another edition of Shakspeare.

Mr. J. Hunter, in printing a very important work on the Nature of the Blood, Inflammation, Wounds, &c. in Quarto.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ΤΟ

CORRESPONDENTS, &c.

We are obliged to MONITOR for his fuggeftions. IMPARTIALITY fhould recollect, that we must be impartial in obferving our own rules, as well as in other points.

To A. B. we fhall only fay, "Quiefcas."

We are happy to fay, in justice to Profeffor Wooddefon, that, in his Elements of Jurifprudence, a publication prior to his Vinerian Lectures, he had ftated, that the threefold divifion ufed in the Lectures was taken from Juftinian's Inftitutes. "Omne autem jus quo, utimur, vel ad perfonas pertinet, vel "ad res, vel ad actiones."

ERRATUM.

By the defire of the tranflator, John Neal Lake, we remark a mistake in our Review, p. 194, where his tranflation of Maury is stated to be 6s. instead of 4s.