to work on the feventh day, and, by a parity of reafoning, the fame measures being adopted with the train, on the tenth the army will have, or have had, bread for twenty-two days and a half; on the twenty-fourth for twenty-feven; on the thirtieth for thirty-one and a half; and on the thirty-fixth for thirty-fix days. The want of bread then follows; and if the army be obliged to draw back, numberlefs inconveniencies muft enfue: the following may therefore be eftablished as a principle, viz.

"That your bakery, if it is to be supplied folely from your main magazine, and not from any convoy out of the enemy's country, must be at that degree of proximity to your main magazine, that the provifion train fhall have it in their power to fupply the confumption in nine days.

"Nor muft the army remove beyond a certain distance from the bakery; that is to fay, the bread-waggons must be able to go and to return in fix days; for as they can only load fix days bread, it is obvious, that if they require longer time to go between the bakery and the army, want must be the confequence. Befides, when the distance is great, a ftrong escort is always requifite. In that case the enemy may very poffibly fucceed in their attempts to cut off or difperfe a convoy.

Hence it follows, that in the feafon where no means of fubfiftence are to be found in a country, namely, in the spring, the penetrating far into an enemy's territory must be attended with confiderable difficulties. Nevertheless, cafes may be fuppofed when it may be of the greatest confequence to appear early in the field, and to drive back the enemy as far as poffible: for example, when the campaign is to be opened with a fiege. When an undertaking of this nature is intended, preparations must be made to assemble a number of carriages in the country of the winter-quarters, sufficient to carry a fortnight's, or a month's flour for the army, befides the waggons of the provifion train, which will add to the quantity. No fmall number of waggons then will be requifite. If we fuppofe that each country waggon will carry twelve measures of flour, two thoufand waggons will be requifite to carry only twelve days flour for an army fuch as I have ftated. Thus much however may be done as a collateral aid, that as long as you remain in the enemy's country, you may collect all the flour you can find there, and any corn that remains may be ground into flour. But you must not rely too much upon this: you are to truft only to your own magazines. The fupplies which are obtained accidentally may ferve as a counter-balance to unexpected events, fuch as the lofs of a convoy, &c. &c. P. 65.

In the hiftory of European wars the French will naturally be expected to bear an active part; but, in most of the battles here related, they appear merely as auxiliaries, and do not make a very confpicuous figure. We rather regret, that the feven years war occupies fo very few pages of thefe volumes, as it would have difplayed their unvarying difpofition to annoy the rest of Europe in a more ftriking point of view. Enough, however,

however, is fhown of the eftimation in which they are univerfally held on the Continent, to convince the Democrats of this kingdom, (thould they be open to conviction) how very little probability there is that the French will ever be received as the fraternizing promulgators of liberty in any part of Germany. The tranflator has given us a quotation from the Hiftory of the Age of Louis XIV. which proves, that however the political fentiments of the French have changed fince that time, their moral principles have continued the fame: "Les François,' fays Voltaire, ch. vii. “ plus gais que les autres, mais plus dangereux, portoient dans toutes les maifons, les plaisirs avec le mépris, et la débauche avec l'infulte... Ils étoient craints (he might have added haïs) par tout," as the following extract will fhow: The diflike which the Germans bear to the French is apparent from many paffages of Templehoffe's Hiftory, and may be further illuftrated by a well-known anecdote. In the battle of Rofbach, a Pruffian huffar purfuing a French 'dragoon, perceived that he himself was followed by an Auftrian horfeman, with an uplifted fabre ready to cleave his head. German comrade," faid the Pruffian, let me take this "Frenchman." "Take him," faid the Auftrian, and gal

'loped off.'

The amount of our compaffion for the unfortunate men who have been butchered by the French anarchifts, will be fomewhat diminished when we learn the cruelties which were exercifed by fome of them on the people of Hanover, during the fhort time which that electorate remained in the hands of the French, in the war of feven years:

"The French acted as if this country had been a conquered province, and it actually received this appellation in all their edicts. Richelieu was not contented with exacting enormous contributions, and alfo confiderable fums for himfelf; but a man of the name of Guatier was fent from Paris as farmer general of all the countries which might be conquered in Germany; and, by this French method of farming, was the whole Electorate of Hanover completely pillaged. The prime agent there was Foulon *, who, after exacting confiderable fums for many months, made a farther demand of an exorbitant contribution. This being refufed, he caufed ninety-three perfons to be fhut up in one chamber, where he kept them for three days and two nights, without giving them any thing to eat or drink; nor could they lie down to fleep, on account of their numbers. On the third day, a new fpecies of rigour was added to this inhuman treatment. Orders were given to the guard, to fuffer no one to go out to ease the calls of nature; and when the Counsellors Gunderode,

Tranflator.

* "The fame who was maffacred at Paris in July 1789." ERIT, CRIT. VOL. I. JULY 1793.

T

Hugo

Hugo, and other prifoners of diftinguifhed rank, intreated that they might have but a little bread and water: "You shall have a little to-day," faid Foulon, "but do not expect that you are to have a fimilar indulgence any more."

Archenholtz.

The greater part of the fecond volume of this Mifcellany confits of a Treatife on Winter pofts, tranflated from a work of C. F. Lindeneau, a captain in the Pruffian fervice; which is faid to be in high eftimation in Germany. It is accompanied by fome very clear and well executed plans, and well deferves the serious attention of every man who wishes to distinguish himfelf in the military fervice of his country. The whole is concluded by a Narrative of the Events of St. Lucie, and the Grand Affault on Gibraltar, where the mighty preparations of the Spaniards and French were annihilated in the space of one night.

As philofophers, and as Chriftians, we must regret that the depravity of mankind renders treatifes of this kind neceffary; and humanity mult thudder at the bloody events here related. We truft our countrymen will never wantonly engage in the horrors of war: but when the unprovoked attack of a nation, too often perfidious, and always reftlefs and dangerous as a neighbour, obliges them to unfheath the fword, we hope they will recollect the battles of Rofbach, of Liffa, and of Breslaw, the 12th of April, and the rock of Gibraltar.

ART. III. Afiatic Refearches, &c. Vol. II. 4to.

[Concluded from No. II. page 125.]

Art. X. Cazim; tranflated from the Perfian by Henry

Vanfittart, Efq.

This country does not belong to the British territories; but it borders fo closely upon them, that a particular knowledge of its geography, cuftoms, and language, is certainly of material importance. The account given of this nation reprefents the people as in the highest degree brutal and uncivilized; but their country is faid, in many parts, to be fertile as well as beautiful, well watered, and abounding in delicious fruits; fugar-canes, cocoa-nut trees, &c. &c. A concluding remark from the prefident, however informs the reader, that what is related to the difadvantage of the people of Afam is to be believed cum grano falis.

Art. XII. On the Manners, Religion, Laws, &c. of the Cucis, or Mountaineers of Tipra; communicated in Perfian

by

by John Rawlins, Efq. Tipra lies to the Eaft of Bengal, and its inhabitants, like thofe of Afam, are defcribed as ferocious and uncivilized. It is a cuftom with them to destroy the women of their enemies whom they may chance to meet, from the idea, that as they provide food for their husbands they enable them to profecute war with greater advantage. A man of Tipra may marry any woman except his mother; if he should have no fon he may divorce his wife, and marry another. They have no idea of future rewards and punishments. Their mode of carrying on war is principally by lying in ambush; when, if a fnake fhould bite one of them, he endures the pain in perfect filence. After the flaughter of their enemies, when they take their own food, they thruft a part of what they eat into the mouths of the heads they have brought away, faying, "Eat; quench thy

thirst, and fatisfy thy appetite." If a married man brings away a head from battle, his wife ornaments her head: the huf band and wife alternately pour fermented liquor into each other's mouths, and the wathes his bloody hands with the liquor which they are drinking. A widow remains a whole year near the tomb of her husband, where her relations bring her food. If the deceafed leave three fons, the eldeft and youngest fhare his property, the middle fon has nothing.

Art. XIII. On the Second Claffical Book of the Chinese. By the Prefident. It is with real fatisfaction we obferve, that the communication between Europe and the ancient, and, as Sir William Jones calls it, the wonderful empire of China, whatever be the fate of our great embally, is likely to become more frequent, familiar, and beneficial. Before we fay any thing on the fubject of this particular article, we haften to place before our readers the following account of the Chinese language, written by a native:

r

66

"According to a Chinese Writer, named L1 YANG PING, the "ancient characters used in his country were the outlines of visible objects, earthly and celeftial; but, as things merely intellectual "could not be expreffed by those figures, the grammarians of China "contrived to reprefent the various operations of the mind by metaphors drawn from the productions of nature: thus the idea of roughness and of rotundity, of motion and reft, were conveyed to "the eye by figns reprefenting a mountain, the sky, a river, and the "earth; the figures of the fun, the moon, and the stars, differently "combined, stood for fmoothness and fplendour, for any thing art"fully wrought, or woven with delicate workmanship; extenfion, growth, increase, and many other qualities were painted in cha"racters taken from clouds, from the firmament, and from the vegetable part of the creation; the different ways of moving, agility and flownefs, idleness and diligence, were expreffed by various "infects, birds, fish, and quadrupeds: in this manner paffions and «fentiments

I 2

fentiments were traced by the pencil, and ideas not subject to any "fense were exhibited to the fight; until by degrees new combina"tions were invented, new expreffions added; the characters devi"ated imperceptibly from their primitive fhape, and the Chinese language became not only clear and forcible, but rich and elegant in the highest degree."

Of the various and valuable books which exist in this extraordinary language, there is one diftinguished clafs consisting of five volumes, and every Chinefe, who is ambitious of any preeminence in literature, muft neceffarily be perfect master of one of them. The first is hiftorical, and contains Annals of the Empire from the two thousand three hundred and thirty-feventh year before Chrift. It is called SHU KING, and a version of it has been publifhed in, France. The fecond claffical book, a fpecimen of which is here annexed, is poetical: it contains three hundred (hort Poems in praife of ancient fovereigns and legiflators, or defcriptive of ancient manners. Moft of the Odes, if

we may credit the Chinese annals, are three thousand years old, and fome of them older. The following Paraphrafe of one of them, by Sir William Jones, may be accceptable to our readers:

"The PARAPHRASE.

"Behold, where yon blue riv'let glides
Along the laughing dale;

Light reeds bedeck its verdant fides,
And frolick in the gale:

"So fhines our Prince! In bright array
The Virtues round him wait
And fweetly fmil'd th' aufpicious day,

That rais'd Him o'er our State.

"As pliant hands in fhapes refin'd
Rich iv'ry carve and smoothe,
His Laws thus mould each ductile mind,
And every paffion foothe.

"As gems are taught by patient art
In fparkling ranks to beam,

With Manners thus he forms the heart,
And spreads a gen'ral gleam.

"What foft, yet awful, dignity!
What meek, yet manly, grace!
What sweetness dances in his eye,
And bloffoms in his face!

"So fhines our Prince! A fky-born crowd
Of Virtues round him blaze:

Ne'er fhall Oblivion's murky cloud

Obfcure his deathless praise."