there makes to the people of Paris is by no means a difgrace to him under that defcription. Unfortunately he afks them to reafon coolly with him, which is impoffible; if once they come to reafoning coolly, they will want no adviser, their madness will be over, their dreadful dream finished.

ART. V. The Language of Botany, being a Dictionary of the Terms made Ufe of in that Science, principally by Linneus: With familiar Explanations, and an Attempt to establish fignificant English Terms. The Whole interfperfed with critical Remarks. By Thomas Martyn, B. D. F. R. S. Profeffor of Botany in the Univerfity of Cambridge. Small 8vo. 5s. boards. White. Profeffor Martyn, as is well known, being engaged in giving

a new, and greatly enlarged edition of Miller's Gardener's Dictionary, with every modern improvement, as well as with all the new plants with which botany has of late years been fo wonderfully enriched, has been induced to prefent the public with this compendium of botanical language, in order to prepare his readers for the numerous new terms which they will meet with in that work.

This elegant and highly useful compendium is dedicated to Dr. Smith, prefident of the Linnean Society.

The full purport of it will be beft explained in the profeffor's own words. He fays,

"The inftitution of the Linnean fociety; the avidity with which the ftudy of botany has been lately pursued by many in every rank and defcription of perfons; the neceffity I was under to find terms by which to exprefs myfelf in my Letters on Botany, and especially in the great work which I am now about to publish; have all confpired to excite my attention a third time to botanical language, and particularly to the mode which feems beft for us to adopt when we write or fpeak of the fcience in our native tongue.

"So long as botany continued to be studied only among thofe who had received a learned education, the original terms of Linners, derived from the Greek or Latin, ferved all the purposes of general intercourfe. But when it became univerfally adopted, a vernacular language would of course be gradually formed: and if it were to be left to chance, or to the choice of the ignorant, many abfurdities and barbarifins would be introduced, debafing our fterling English. This it has been my wish to avoid; and I now renew the attempt which. I made fome time fince*, to fix our native botanical language en certain reasonable principles, conformable to general analogy. Had not this been my particular view, and had I been satisfied with what

* Differtation printed in Vol. I. of the Tranfactions of the Linnean Society,

has

has been done by feveral learned and ingenious writers, I fhould certainly not have obtruded my ideas upon the public, after such a multitude of elementary books had been printed: and even now the errors, omiffions, and defects of various kinds, which those who are skilled in philological botany will eafily detect in this little volume, require an apology. I muft requeft the public, therefore, to confider it is a mere attempt, that may hereafter be improved into fomething more worthy of their regard, if learned botanifts and philologifts will condefcend to communicate their opinions on the fubject; and I promise them, that every obfervation which is made with candour, hall be received by me with gratitude, and confidered with attention." Preface, p. xi.

Dr. Martyn afterwards declares it to be his intention, throughout his work, to keep as clofe as poffible to the received botanical language, and to adopt the Linnean terms themselves, fo far as the nature and structure of the English language will permit, and whenever it can be done without violating the laws of grammar or common fenfe.

As a fpecimen of the execution of this plan, we shall select a few of the terms, with their explanation:

"BINATE LEAF (binātum folium); digitatum foliolis duobus terminatum. Having a fimple petiole, connecting two leaflets at the top of it: a fpecies of digitate leaf, which fee. Binati pedunculi, peduncles growing in pairs; as in capraria, and Oldenlandia Zeylanica.'

"DIGITATE LEAF. Folium digitatum. (Fingered leaf. Lichf Soc.) When a fimple or undivided petiole connects feveral diftinét leaflets at the end of it. Cum petiolus fimplex apice adnectit foliola plura. This is a fort of compound leaf; whereas the Palmate, which in fome measure resembles it, is a fimple leaf. The digitate leaf, to correspond with the name, fhould have five leaflets fpreading out like the open fingers: but Linneus makes binate, ternate and quinate leaves to be species of the digitate; and the leaves of horfe-chefnut, though they have more leaflets than five, are nevertheless called digitate."

PETIOLUS: a petiole, or leaf-ftalk, or foot-ftalk. Trunci fpecies adnectens folium, nec fructificationem. Philof. Bot. Fulcrum fuftinens folium. Delin. pl. Ramus folüferus, folio proprius. Regn. veg. A partial ftem fupporting the leaf, or connecting it with the ftem or branch. It fometimes happens, but very rarely, that the fame foot-talk fupports both leaf and fructification, as in Turnera and Hibiscus."

The above famples are fufficient to fhow the accuracy with which the learned profeffor has conducted his work, as well as the great affiftance which a dictionary, thus conftructed, muft neceffarily afford to every ftudent in the pleafing fcience of botany. Health and fuccefs, in completing his great work, we most cordially wish to the learned and fagacious profeffor.

ART.

ART. VI. The Patriot. Addreffed to the People, on the prefent State of Affairs in Britain and in France. With Obfervations on Republican Government, and Difcuffions of the Principles advanced in the Writings of Thomas Paine. 8vo. Is. Dickfon, Edinburgh; Nicoll, London.

THOUGH every true friend to the happy government under

which we live, cannot but rejoice at the almoft unanimous declarations of loyalty to the king, and reverence for the conftitution and the laws, which have been lately made: let him not wonder that confiderable progrefs had been made in fubverting the minds of the ignorant and unwary. The enemies to our domeftic peace made their attack by means well calculated to mislead the poor and ignorant, by fuggesting to them, that they laboured under grievances, which, till then, they had never felt and by affuring them, that the new fyftem would introduce perfect liberty, and a perfect equality among the inhabitants of the earth. When it appeared that doctrines fo abfurd met with a few advocates among men of understanding, it was not to be wondered at that the ignorant were deluded. Under thefe circumstances, it became men of found principles and good hearts, by exerting their best talents, to prevent the lower orders of their countrymen from being feduced by false principles, or misled by falfe reprefentations of the ftate of a neighbouring nation: for, though probably the answer to these restlefs fpirits is obvious in itfelf; yet, confidering the appearance of those times, it could not be too often refounded in the ears of the people.

With this view, the author of the pamphlet before us (whom we understand to be a refpectable minister of the Presbyterian church in Scotland *) has lent his aid to the fupport of the common caufe; and his exertions, being fupported by much. conftitutional and hiftorical knowledge, and an earnest zeal for the best interefts of his fellow-citizens, entitle him to much applause. After a spirited introduction, he proceeds to trace the hiftory of this country through the convulfions of the last century, and points out the principle of improvement inherent in our conftitution, and the improvements which have been made, and are daily increasing, under the wife and prudent operation of the legislature, which is fully competent to the removal of fuch defects, as the decays of age, or the change of manners may introduce. The learned author then reverfes the

* An edition, printed fince this article was written, announces for the author, Dr. Hardy, Profeffor of church history, Edinburgh. He is alfo Moderator of the general affembly for the prefent year. medal,

medal, and treats of the French revolution, explaining the faults of the conftitution of 1791, as being defective in power, not only in the crown, but even in the affembly: as wanting influence in the diftribution of offices; and as deftitute of principle in the two grand articles of patriotifm and religion. He goes on to fhow the origin of the French republic, with an historical furvey of the spirit of republics, and the character of that established in France. He difcuffes the doctrines of liberty and equality, and treats the existence of France, as a republic, as a thing almost impoffible. The great topics of democratic cenfure in England, as objected to by Paine, and thofe that have followed him in the fame path;-Hereditary Monarchy-Diverfities of Fortune and Power-Debt-Million for Reduction -National Defence-Civil Lift-Penfions-and Taxes, are next confidered, and it is fatisfactorily proved, of some of these points, that they conftitute the excellence of our system; and of the refl, that though at firft view they appear to be defects, they are not evils to the extent fuppofed, or are greatly overbalanced by the happiness enjoyed. Mr. Paine is next attacked for his scheme of pillage; and this excellent pamphlet concludes with an addrefs to the author's countrymen, on the felicity of the British nation. We are forry that we cannot, in the present inftance allow ourselves to give many extracts from so interesting a work; but one on the fubject of penfions we cannot withhold as a fpecimen of the whole. It appears, that fome of the reforming clubs in Scotland had very unwarrantably published the penfion-lift, with the names of the penfioners: but mark the event, with the author's obfervations upon it:

But, there are finecure places and penfions flowing from the civil lift establishment! This is the loudest note in the cry; because individual envy here mixes with political lamentation. The money which goes into these channels is fuch an abfolute trifle to this great nation, that no man, who knows any thing of the subject, can have even a rational motive of complaint. On the contrary, he will fee great reafon to approve, on public grounds, of these very finecures and penfions, in the moderate extent, in which they are found in Britain. To men who have spent the prime of their lives, and employed their talents in the service of their country, these institutions afford otium cum dignitate in their declining years. In this view, the rewards are acts of justice. To others, who, by literature, science, and the elegant arts, have improved the stock of human attainments, and advanced the celebrity of the British name, they are acts of wisdom, as well as of generofity. To others, whom misfortune or adverfity has vifited, they are acts of mercy. What, though in fome particular inftances, they may have been beftowed on improper objects; is not every Chriftian, in his private charities, liable to err in the diftribution? Is he, for that reason, to defist from giv

ing? Every arrangement in human affairs is unavoidably subject to partial abuse; but the effect of the places and penfions, moderate as they are in the British fyftem, is, on the whole cafe, more advantageous to the nation than even to the objects of his bounty. It receives gold for its filver and while it enables its rulers to fhew the juftice, wifdom, and mercy of the state, it brings forward all the talents, and infpires the alacrity and confidence, by which its honour and intereft may be moft effentially promoted. The man who is fpending his youth and ftrength in laborious or perilous service for the public good, is encouraged to persevere and confole himself by faying: when I am old, my king and country will take care of me; or if I die, they will not leave widow or my my children deftitute. The Scotch reforming clubs brought forward the penfion lift of that country into the public newspapers. The penfion lift, when publifhed, was attentively perufed by the nation, and produced an effect directly the reverse of that for which the publication was intended. The lift met with an approbation, which was heartfelt, and almoft univerfal. It confifted of old fervants of the public, who had held commands in the colonies: of men of letters, to whom not this country only, but all Europe, gives unqualified applause: of noble families, whofe fortunes are inadequate to their rank; and of a great number of women and children receiving the bounty of their fovereign, in various proportions, according to the real exigencies of their fituation. Perhaps 1000l. or 1200l. of the whole fum might have been bestowed upon other objects, in preference to fome of the names which appear on the lift: and what then? All Scotland faw that the lift had no relation to political purposes; and that, in the greater part, it was the record of the king's eleemofynary grants, which public fpirit would blush to criticize. The publication was indelicate and cruel; but the lift is confessedly honourable to the adminiftration of this country."

ART. VII. Poems, dedicated to the Right Honourable the Eart of Mansfield. Vol. I. 6s. 8vo. Cooper, London.

THESE Poems, which were advertised as the production of

Lady Burrel; and fome few of which, if we mistake not, have before escaped from her ladyfhip's portfolio into print, or have been difperfed in scattered leaves of manufcript, have very confiderable merit: they breathe a correct elegance of fentiment, and pathetic ftrains of moral reflection. The relations are interefting, and the numbers highly polifhed. If we are not often dazzled by the glare of eccentric genius, we are always pleased with the tafte of felection, and the decorations of fancy. The noble authorefs does not foar into the elevated regions of epic poetry, or wander in the wilds of defcriptive fcenery, the prefers rather the fentimental tale, the plaintive