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P. 225, 1. 36. Tillotson's Works (Birch), Serm. clxv. On the Present and Future Advantage of a Holy and Virtuous Life.' The preacher says,— What in particular our employment shall be, and wherein it shall consist, is impossible now to describe; it is sufficient to know in the general that our employment shall be our unspeakable pleasure, and every way suitable to the glory and happiness of that state. ... For there is no doubt but that He who made us, and endued our souls with a desire of immortality, and so large a capacity of happiness, does understand very well by what way and means to make us happy, and hath in readiness proper exercises and employments for that state, and every way more fitted to make us happy, than any condition or employment in this world is suitable to a temporal happiness.'

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P. 231, 1. 12. The Kit-cat Club took its name from Christopher Cat, the maker of their mutton pies. It was originally formed in Shire Lane, about the time of the trial of the seven bishops, for a little free evening conversation, but in Queen Anne's reign comprehended above forty noblemen and gentlemen of the first rank for quality, merit, and fortune, firm friends of the Hanoverian succession. (Tegg.)

P. 232, I. 13. One who refused to swear allegiance to King William after the Revolution of 1688.

1. 17. The Leges Convivales of Ben Jonson are twenty-four Latin rules, composed by the poet for the use and guidance of the frequenters of the Old Devil Tavern at Temple Bar, his favourite resort, and engraven in marble over the chimney of the large club-room there, called the 'Apollo." Gifford (Works of Ben Jonson, vol. ix.) truly says that 'nothing can be more pure and elegant than the latinity of these "laws." These are a few

of them :

1. Nemo asymbolus, nisi umbra, huc venito.

2. Idiota, insulsus, tristis, turpis, abesto.

9. Ministri a dapibus, oculati et muti,
A poculis, auriti et celeres sunto.

17. Joci sine felle sunto.

19. Versus scribere nullus cogitor.

23. Qui foras vel dicta, vel facta eliminet, eliminator.

In drawing them up, says Gifford, Jonson had the rules of the Roman entertainments in view, as collected with great industry by Lipsius.'

P. 234, l. 8. Drawcansir is the mock hero of Buckingham's play of the

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Rehearsal, who, burlesquing the character of Almanzor in Dryden's Conquest of Granada, destroys whole armies, on his own side and that of the enemy indifferently, by his unaided prowess.

P. 236, l. 13. I. e. the clergy are so numerous that if, as is done by lay land-holders, they could cut up their glebes and tithes into forty-shilling freeholds, each of which would entitle the holder to vote at the election of county members, they would command most of the (county) elections in England.

1. 16. 'Extremi addensent acies; nec turba moveri

Tela manusque sinit.'-Æn. x. 432.

P. 237, 1. 14. The passage cited-—and a very striking one it is—is found in Sir W. Temple's Observations upon the United Provinces, ch. i. Temple, for many years the British minister at the Hague in the reign of Charles II, is chiefly known in political history as the negotiator of the Triple Alliance, and in literary history as the patron of Swift.

P. 239, 1. 3. Dr. Thomas Sydenham, a member of Magdalen College, Oxford, was resident in London at the time of the Great Plague of 1665, and, though he took refuge from it in the country, must have had great opportunities of studying its phenomena. His Methodus curandi Febres, written originally in English, first appeared in 1666. The acuteness and sweep of observation, together with the remarkable power of philosophical deduction, which characterise this book, caused it to be universally admired, and have preserved the reputation of the author to this day.

1. 17. Sanctorius, or Santorio, was an eminent Italian physician; died 1636. His Ars de statica Medicina was translated by one John Quincy into English in 1712, 'with large explanations, wherein is given a mechanical account of the animal economy;' but an earlier English translation had appeared in 1676, to which probably the passage in the text refers.

P. 240, l. 26. and here I am.'

The English version is, I was well; I would be better; (Morley.)

P. 243, 1. 29. In Jonson's play of the Alchemist, Abel Drugger, a foolish and superstitious tobacconist, consults Subtle the alchemist and astrologer on various arrangements which are to bring him good luck and flowing custom. He asks (Act II) what sign he shall choose for his shop, and Subtle replies

'He shall have a bell, that's Abel,

And by it standing one whose name is Dee1,

In a rug gown; there's D & rug; that's Drug;
And right anenst him a dog snarling -er;

There's Drugger, Abel Drugger.'

1. 31. That is, the god Bel, named in the book of the so-called Apocrypha, entitled 'Bel and the Dragon.'

1 Dr. Dee, the famous astrologer of Queen Elizabeth's reign.

P. 246, 1. 6. The books in Leonora's library are of a miscellaneous character, and most of them are now forgotten. The first on the list is a translation of Virgil by John Ogilby (1600-1676), a Scotch tutor whom Lord Strafford employed in the education of his children. Pope names him in the Dunciad:

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There, stamp'd with arms, Newcastle shines complete.' Dryden's version of Juvenal, in which he was aided by his sons John and Charles, appeared in 1693. 'Astræa' was a 'pastoral romance of the days of Henry IV, by Honoré D'Urfé, . . . translated by a person of quality in 1657.' (Morley). The Grand Cyrus and Clelia were two ponderous romances written by Mdlle. de Scudéry (1607-1701). Cleopatra and Cassandra, works of the same description, were written by Calprenede about the same time. Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) entitled his pastoral romance, The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia.' Sherlock's Discourse upon Death was noticed in a note to page 184. The most celebrated work of Malebranche (1631-1715) is his Recherche de la Vérité. The Academy of Compliments was probably a sort of hand-book of etiquette. Tom Durfey's Tales are used by Pope for the butt end of a comparison,-'From Dryden's Virgil down to Durfey's tales.' Elziver, or Elzevier, was the family name of several celebrated Dutch printers, who for a period of 130 years, from about 1580 to 1710, exercised their calling at Leyden and Amsterdam, and brought typography to a height of clearness and beauty before unknown. The New Atalantis was from the pen of Mrs. Manley, a clever and unscrupulous woman, well known in the reigns of William III and Queen Anne. It is a kind of scandalous chronicle of the English Court and certain members of the nobility, the full title being 'Secret Memoirs and Manners of several persons of Quality of both Sexes from the New Atlantis, an island in the Mediterranean.' When the book first appeared in 1707, it made a great sensation; Mrs. Manley was arrested and put on her trial for libel, but does not appear to have been convicted. In the Rawlinson collection in the Bodleian Library there is a copy of the book with the names of the persons represented by the several characters inserted in MS., but I have not met with any printed 'key.' On Baker's Chronicle see note to p. 54, l. 28. Steele published his semi-religious treatise of The Christian Hero in 1701, while he was in the army. 'Dr. Sacheverell's Speech' is the speech that he made at his trial before the House of Lords, when charged with having used seditious language in his sermon preached before the Lord Mayor in 1709. Dr. Johnson's father, the old Lichfield bookseller, told his son that he had not known the eager reception and large sale of Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel ever equalled but in the case of Sacheverell's Trial. Fielding's Trial' is the narrative of the case of Robert Fielding, usually called Beau Fielding, who was tried at the Old Bailey in 1706 for having contracted a bigamous marriage with the notorious Barbara Duchess of Cleveland, one of Charles II's mistresses. The case is in vol. v. of the State Trials (ed.

NOTES.

497 of 1730). Taylor's Holy Living and Holy Dying are still standard works.

1. 19. The 'Fifteen Joys of Marriage' was originally written in French by one Antoine Lasale, about the middle of the fifteenth century. It was afterwards frequently printed and re-edited, with more or less variation from the original, particularly by Guillaume Cretin, a contemporary of Marot and Rabelais. Taking Cretin's version as his basis, some anonymous English writer published in 1682 The Fifteen Comforts of Matrimony,'' done out of French.' The work has a satirical aim, and the comforts are anything but comforts. A clever answer appeared in the following year, entitled 'The Women's Advocate, or, Fifteen real Comforts of Matrimony,'' written by a Person of Quality of the Female Sex.'

P. 249, l. 18. Mr. Joseph Mede (1586–1638), a Cambridge man, and a friend of Bishop Andrewes, wrote two works on the book of Revelation, Clavis Apocalyptica and In sancti Joannis Apocalypsin Commentarius. To show how highly he was rated, how greatly over-rated, in Addison's time and long afterwards, it will be sufficient to quote the words of Bishop Hurd: The book [of Revelation] . . was on the point of being given up as utterly impenetrable, when a sublime genius arose, in the beginning of the last century, and surprised the learned world with that great desideratum, a Key to the Revelation."

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1. 21. Marshal d'Estrades, one of the most active and able of the French diplomatists in the seventeenth century, who negotiated the purchase of Dunkirk from Charles II, and represented the interests of France at the treaty of Nimeguen, dying at a great age in 1686, left behind him a voluminous collection of 'Lettres et Memoires,' bearing on the negotiations in which he had borne a part.

1. 25. Dr. William Wall (1646–1728) published his well known treatise on Infant Baptism in 1705. It is a 'fair and temperate, as well as learned, work, the object of which is, first, to prove what was the practice of the early Church with reference to baptism during the first four centuries, and then to urge upon the Baptists, or, as he calls them, Anti-pædo-Baptists, various considerations touching the evils of disunion, and the ease with which they might, if so disposed, rejoin the Anglican communion.' (Arnold's Manual of English Literature.)

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1. 28. This correspondent must have been an admirer of passive obedience, and a believer in the divine right of kings; for the work here cited was written by Charles Leslie the non-juror (in this same year, 1711), against a treatise of the well known liberal divine, Benjamin Hoadley (who afterwards became bishop of Bangor), which derived the Original and Institution of Civil Government' from popular election or consent. Leslie, with Sir R. Filmer, holds the patriarchal system, in which the family, clan, or tribe, is governed absolutely by its natural hereditary head, to be the only legitimate type of civil government.

P. 250, 1. 3. The first seven volumes of the romance of Pharamond, K k

which described the establishment of the Frankish empire, were written by La Calprenède; some anonymous author completed it. Cassandra, in which it was attempted to describe the division of Alexander's empire among his generals, was by the same author. But the French title is 'Cassandre,' which means Cassander, the son of Antipater, not Cassandra, the daughter of Priam; either, therefore, Addison or the English translator of La Calprenède must have made a curious blunder.

1. 10. All for Love, or The World well Lost, a tragedy by Dryden, the plot of which is taken from Shakspeare's Antony and Cleopatra, was first produced in 1678. The Innocent Adultery is the second name of Southerne's celebrated play of The Fatal Marriage (1694). Aureng-Zebe, the last and finest of Dryden's heroic tragedies, was first produced in 1675. 'Alexander the Great' is a short way of describing Lee's play of The Rival Queens, or, The Death of Alexander the Great. Theodosius, or, The Force of Love (1680), is a tragedy by Nathaniel Lee, said to be his masterpiece. Lee is also the author of Sophonisba, or, Hannibal's Overthrow, first acted in 1676, and of Mithridates, King of Pontus (1678).

P. 252, 1. 29. Thomas Betterton (1635–1710) was the first tragic actor of his day. Some particulars showing in what an admirable manner he understood and acted the part of Othello are given by Steele in the 'Tatler,' No. 167.

Hom. Il. vi. 490.

P. 253, 1. 27. P. 255, 1. 36. The brazen-faced perjurer, Titus Oates, was in fact no doctor; his diploma, like his Plot,' was a forgery. He was the principal witness for the existence of a Popish Plot against the life of Charles II and the independence of England, the excitement about which filled the years 1678-1681. He was severely punished and imprisoned under James II, but released and pensioned after the Revolution. Perhaps it is this last epoch of his life that Addison here refers to. To the last Oates had many fanatical admirers. Lord Macaulay says that during his imprisonment, while offenders who, compared with him, were innocent, grew lean on the prison allowance, his cheer was mended by turkeys and chines, capons and suckingpigs, venison pasties, and hampers of claret, the offerings of zealous Protestants.' (History, iii. 67.) The above remarks were written before I had seen the note in Tegg's edition, stating that the person really intended was not Oates, but Dr. Henry Sacheverel, the High Church champion of 1710. Mr. Morley adopts the same view, and upon the whole it may be accepted as probably true, especially as the dates, supposing the story of the visit to have any foundation in fact, would be all in favour of the objects of the lady's enthusiasm being Sacheverel and Toryism, rather than Oates and Whiggism. P. 258, 1. 7. Davideis, Bk. III. 1. 401 (Tegg):

'So when a Scythian tiger, gazing round,

An herd of kine in some fair plain has found,
Lowing secure, he swells with angry pride,
And calls forth all his spots on every side.'

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