OFFING.-Distance from shore.

OUTHAULER.-A rope used for hauling out the tack of a jib or the clew of a boom sail.

OUTRIGGER. A spar for spreading an extra sail beyond the hull of the vessel. A boat with projecting rowlocks. Also a weight suspended over a vessel's side.

OVERHAUL. To examine: to slack a rope through a tackle, by letting go the fall, and pulling on the leading parts.

PAINTER.-A rope secured in the bows of a boat, and used for making fast to a ship or otherwise.

PALM.-A sailmaker's thimble.

PARCELLING.-Winding tarred canvas round a rope, to prevent its chafing. Parral (or ParREL).—A band of rope, or collar, for securing a yard to a vessel's mast at its centre.

PAZAREE.-A rope secured to the clew of a fore-sail, and leading through a block on the boom; used for guying out when scudding.

PAWL.-An iron bar for securing the windlass or capstan from turning back.

PAY-OFF. To haul the jib or fore-sail aweather, for the purpose of turning the vessel's head from the wind. To Pay-over: to cover with pitch or tar. To Pay-out: to slack out a cable from the vessel. PEAK.-The upper aft corner of a main-sail.

PENDANT (or PENNANT).—A long narrow streamer carried at the mast-head, A swallow-tailed pennant is called a broad pennant, and is only hoisted by the commodore of a club or fleet.

PINTLE. An iron bolt belonging to a rudder.

PORT. To port the helm is to put it to the left, or contrary way to starboard.

PORT-HOLE.-A small opening in the bulwarks for pointing cannon.

PURCHASE. A mechanical power applied to ropes rove through blocks, where extra power is required.

QUARTER.-A term applied to that part of a vessel's sides which extends from the main channels to the stern.

QUARTER-DECK.-Applied to large vessels; that part of a vessel's upper deck abaft the main-mast.

RATLINE.--A kind of rope ladder formed across the shrouds by means of a small line, called ratline.

REACHING. Sailing on a side wind.

REEF.—To reduce a sail by tying up the reef-points.

REEF-EARINGS.-Ropes attached to the reef-thimbles of a sail.

REEVE. To pass a rope through a block or sheave-hole.

RIGGING. A general term applied to shrouds, stays, and other ropes of a vessel. Running-rigging applies to such ropes as lead through blocks, and can be altered at pleasure. Standing-rigging applies to shrouds and stays which seldom require hauling down or slacking.

RING-TAIL.-A light studding-sail set abaft the main-sail, by a yard slung from the gaff-end.

ROACH.-The fore-leech of a sail which appears to draw by the pressure of the wind.

ROLLING-TACKLE.-An extra tackle for steadying sails in a heavy sea.
ROWLOCKS.-A rest for the oars of a boat to work in.

RUN. The hollow or narrow part of a vessel's stern.

SCUD.-To run before the wind in a gale with little or no sail.

SCULL.-To propel a boat by means of a single oar at the stern. A Scull: a small oar.

SCUPPERS.-Openings in the lower part of a vessel's bulwarks for the water to run off the deck.

SCUTTLE.-A small hatchway. To Scuttle: to bore holes in a vessel's bottom, for the purpose of sinking her.

SCUTTLE-BUTT.-A cask kept on deck, from which the water is taken for daily use.

SEIZE. To secure by means of small stuff called seizings.

SELVAGEE. A strong neat strap made by marling several rope yarns together.

SERVE. TO wind small marline or spunyarn round ropes to prevent

chafing. SERVING-BOARD..-A small board or mallet for winding taut and putting on the service stuff.

SHACKLE. An iron link, with a shifting pin, for connecting chains together. SHEAVE. The roller or wheel in a block on which the rope runs.

SHEAVE-HOLE.-A hole in a spar or block for a rope to reeve through.

SHEER. The line of plank under a vessel's gunwale.

SHEET.-A rope attached to the aft clew of a sail, by which it is worked from one side to the other.

SHEET-ANCHOR.- --The largest anchor a vessel carries.

SHROUDS.-Ropes for protecting the mast, leading from the mast head to the sides of the vessel.

SKY-SCRAPER.-A light triangular sail, used in large ships, properly called a sky-sail; it is set above the royal.

SKEET.-A Scoop with a long handle, used for wetting sails.

SNATCH-BLOCK.—A single-block, with a hole in its side, for the bight of a rope to reeve through.

SNORTER. A Small rope strop, into which the heel of a spreet is set.

SPENCER. A sail used in schooners, set on the fore-mast, with gaff, but no boom.

SPLICE. To join the ends of two ropes by interweaving the strands.

SPRING-A-LEAK.--To commence leaking.

SPRING-A-LUFF.-To force a vessel closer to the wind.

SPREET.-A light spar for setting a sprit-sail.

STANDING-RIGGING.-Shrouds and other ropes made fast and not very often requiring alteration.

STARBOARD. The right-hand side of a vessel, looking forward.

STAY.-A rope for protecting the mast. To stay to tack a vessel, or put about. In stays: the situation of a vessel at the instant of tacking, when all sail is shaking in the wind's eye.

STAY-SAIL.-Implies a sail set upon a stay.

STEERAGE. That part of the vessel (between decks) forward of the cabin.
STEM.-The fore piece of a vessel, and to which the two sides are united.
STERN-BOARD.-The back motion of a vessel moving stern foremost.
STERN-POST.-That to which the rudder is fixed; the extreme end aft of a
vessel.

STERN-SHEETS.-The aft part of a boat, abaft the rowers, intended for

passengers.

STEVE.-The angle of a bowsprit when raised more or less from the horizontal.

STIFF. An essential quality in the hull of a sailing-vessel, which enables large sails to be used in safety, or without causing the vessel to list on one side.

STRAND.-A yarn, or number of yarns, twisted together.

STRIKE. To strike the mast is to lower it down into the boat.

SWEEP.-A long oar of extra size, used in small sailing-vessels when becalmed, or requiring to be forced ahead.

TACKING.-Turning, or beating, to windward. To Tack is to put a vessel about by putting the helm a-lee, thereby bringing it round on another tack. The tack of a main-sail is the corner nearest the goose-neck. TACKLE: -A purchase formed by a rope rove through a block or blocks. TAFFRAIL. The rail, or top-piece, leading round a vessel's stern, level with the side rail above the bulwarks.

TAIL-BLOCK.—A block with a rope spliced into, and hanging from, the end.
TARPAULIN.-Canvas rendered waterproof by being dressed with tar.
TAUT. To haul tight.

TELL-TALE.—A compass suspended from the beams of a cabin.

THIMBLE. A metal ring, with concave surface, used in sail-making, and for splicing into rope-ends when required.

THROAT. That part of a sail where the brails catch and draw it close to the mast; the inner end of a gaff, near the Jaws.

THWARTS (properly Athwart).—All seats across a boat are so called.
TILLER.-The lever by which the rudder is moved.

TOPPING-LIFT.-A rope leading from the upper part of the mast to the outer end of the boom, and by which the boom is topped up, or raised.

TRAVELLER.-An iron or metal ring, with a hook below and an eye at top. A Traveller leads up and down the mast or along a bowsprit, for keeping the sail close to the spar.

TRESSEL-TREES.-Strong pieces placed horizontally, and fore and aft of the mast-head, to support the cross-trees and top.

TRICE-ROPE.-A rope used for hauling up the main-tack.

TRICE-UP. To haul up the main-tack by means of the trice-line.

TRIM. To arrange the ballast, or cargo, in the most advantageous manner. To Trim a sail, to set it in the best and most effective position with regard to wind.

TRUCK.-The flat circular piece, on the very top of the topmast-head, through which signal-halliards are rove.

TRYSAIL. A fore-and-aft sail, set with boom and gaff at the main-mast of a brig; also a small extra-stout gaff-sail used for cutters in a gale. TYE.-A rope belonging to a boat's yard, with a hoisting tackle at one end.

UNBEND. To untie, to cast off.

UNDER WAY.-A vessel is under way when moving through the water by the action of the wind upon the sails.

UNSHIP. To take out of a vessel; to remove out of its place.

VEER. To turn a vessel from the wind and bring her round on another tack.

WAIST.-The middle part of a vessel's deck, between the quarter-deck and forecastle.

WALES. Strong planks in the upper part of a vessel's sides, running the whole length fore and aft.

WARP.-A strong rope for securing a vessel.

WASH-BOARDS.-Shifting boards attached to the gunwales of boats for
preventing the water from washing into the boat in a rough sea.
WEATHER-BOARD.-That side of a ship which is to windward.
WEATHER-HELM.—A vessel carries a weather-helm when the tiller requires
to be slightly inclined towards the windward, to keep the vessel on her
course and prevent her from flying into the wind.

WEIGH ANCHOR.-To draw the anchor up from the bottom.

WHIP-PURCHASE.-A purchase formed by a rope rove through a single-block.

To Whip, to secure the end of the rope from unravelling by winding twine round it.

WORMING.-Winding cord, or marline, spirally between the strands of a rope, to give it a neat appearance.

YARD.-A spar, tapering at each end, for spreading a lug or square-sail. YOKE.-A top-piece, fitting on a boat's rudder, with lines attached for steering: it is used chiefly for rowing-boats, instead of a tiller.