the Senate he was carried before the Council of State, where he was asked if he should know the Frenchmen again, with whom he had the conversation the day before about the government of the Republic? At this question his fears redoubled, and he answered in a faltering voice, that he had said nothing but what was greatly to the praise and honour of the Senate. He was then ordered to look into the next chamber, where he saw the two Frenchmen, quite dead, and hanging from the cieling. He judged from this horrid spectacle, that his last hour was come; but he was remanded before the Senate, when the Doge, in a solemn manner, pronounced these words: "Keep silence for the future, my friend, our republic has no need of such advocates as you.' After this he was set at liberty; but his fears and apprehensions so far got the better of him, that he never returned to take leave of the Jesuits, but left Venice as fast as possible, and vowed he would never return to it again.

REMARKABLE INSTANCE OF FIDELITY IN A SERVANT. Gondibert, king of the Lombards, being attacked by his brother Patharis, invited Grimoaldus, Duke of Benevento, to his assistance. He accordingly joined Gondibert, and Patharis was totally defeated. Fired with the prospect of greatness, Grimoaldus now turned his arms against his friend Gondibert, slew him in battle, and seated himself on the throne of Lombardy.

Patharis after his defeat retired to the Count of Cacanus, Duke of Bavaria, and craved the protection of that prince. Grimoaldus, whose jealousy was increased with his power, insisted that Cacanus should not suffer Patharis to reside in his dominions. The Duke of Bavaria, who feared the power of Grimoaldus, was obliged to submit, and the wretched Patharis, not knowing whither to fly for safety, determined to throw himself at the feet of Grimoaldus, and submit to his clemency. He accordingly repaired to the Court of Lombardy, and was received with all the external appearances of respect and esteem. But, the monarch perceiving vast numbers of Lombards to flock about him daily, he feared he would soon attempt to recover the kingdom. Regardless, therefore, of the rights of hospitality, and the assurances he had given Patharis of protection, he determined to take away his life; and, in order to perform the work of darkness without exciting any tumult, he proposed to make him drunk, and in that condition to put an end to his life. Patharis, being informed of the design, drank only water at the feast prepared for this diabolical purpose. But, in order to deceive the King of Lombardy, he caused his servants to convey him to his chamber as in a state of inebriation. Being now free from all restraint, he consulted his faithful servant Hunnulphus, what method ought to be pursued in this dangerous crisis; he knew the door of his apartment was strictly guarded, so that it would be impossible for him to escape, as he was well known to the soldiers. Hunnulphus therefore dressed his master in the habit of a peasant, laid a large bear's skin over his head and shoulders, and upon that a mattress, so that he appeared to be a porter. In this disguise Hunnulphus drove him out of the chamber with a cudgel, giving him several smart blows. The soldiers, deceived by this artifice, suffered him to pass; and, attended only by one servant, he fled into France. Some hours after Grimoaldus entered to see the horrid deed performed, but found the victim of his jealousy was fled Hunnulphus told him the truth, and offered his own bosom to the poniard. But Grimoaldus, struck with so remarkable an instance of fidelity, not only pardoned him, but heaped upon him rewards equal to his virtue.

ON a reference to the first volume of our Work, page 3, there will be found a very interesting account of a most dangerous pass over the rocks near Santa Cruz, commonly called The Jew's Leap.' The following description of another of these dreadful precipices, will not, we think, be found upon perusal to yield in interest to that already noticed. The account is extracted from the journal of a recent traveller in Norway; and the spirited engraving which heads this article will convey to the mind of the reader an excellent idea of the dangers which a traveller encounters in journeying over those massive rocks and dreary defiles, with which that country abounds, and the least slip from which hurls him to certain destruction.

The mountains of Norway are generally so extensive, that to pass them, the traveller must sometimes journey near fifty or sixty miles. To pass the great mountain of Hardanger, he must travel near seventy miles; and the rivers, roaring torrents, and cataracts, which intersect these dreadful precipices, and are only passable by slight wooden bridges, render travelling in the dreary uplands of Norway, at once terrible and dangerous.

To furnish some better idea of these mountains, we will describe that of Fieleffeld, the height of which is upwards of two miles and a half, and the road over it by a tedious ascent, through many windings, to its summit. Its great elevation may be known by the change from heat to cold, which, as we rise, becomes so sensible, that the traveller may well suppose himself transported from the middle of summer to the cold of a piercing winter. From the top there is a prospect to the extent of one hundred and twenty miles.

In crossing from this mountain, we were obliged to cross a tremendous

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cataract, which divides it, and into which an enormous piece of rock has fallen, and, by obstructing the passage of the water, causes a dreadful roaring which deafens the ear. This rock, however, serves as a pier to support a wooden horse bridge, from one mountain to the other. The passage or high road down the side of one eminence of the mountain, and up the side of the other, is seldom more than a ledge cut out of the rock, broad enough for two horses to pass, and often, for considerable distances, a passage only for one: without any rails or fence, as, in fact, it is impossible to fix any.

These ways, or ledges, hang on the sides of perpendicular and craggy steeps of most tremendous height; in some places cut through the rock in arched passages; in others the road is merely a scaffold, three feet broad, shored up with stone work, or suspended by iron bolts fastened in the mountain side. Should it happen, as it often has, that two men on horseback should meet in one of these narrow ways where two cannot pass, and at some distance from a wider spot, so that they cannot back their horses, there is no alternative, but one man's raising himself above the head of the other by means of a rope fastened to a crag of the rock above, whilst the other pushes his horse down the precipice into the roaring gulph beneath; by which means he passes in safety, and the other, lowering himself down, travels on, on foot.

Over Fieleffeld is the high post road, and the way is marked all along with posts at two or three hundred paces distance, that, in snowy or dark weather, the traveller may not lose himself in these desert wilds, where no living creature is to be seen, except occasionally a few wild rein-deer.

In some measure to refresh and relieve the traveller, two mountain stoves, or resting houses, are maintained on Fieleffeld at the public charge; and three on Dofrafeld, and furnished with fire, light, and kitchen utensils.

FAMILY ESCAPE.

In September, 1789, a little boy, about five years old, the son of a man named Freemantle, in St. Thomas's Church-yard, Salisbury, being at play by the dam of the town mill, fell into the water; his sister, a child nine years of age, instantly plunged in to his assistance. They both sunk, and in sight of their mother! The poor woman, distracted with horror at the prospect of instant death to her children, braved the flood to save them; she rose with one under each arm, and by her cries happily alarmed her husband, who instantly swam to her assistance, and brought them all three safe ashore.

THE LUNATICS.

The following horrible occurrence took place in France a few years since at the House of Refuge for Lunatics, established at Charite-sur-Loire, in the department of the Nievre.

The Sieur Mangue, an apothecary of Sancerre, and the Sieur Leonard Pousscrean, a mason of Lucry de Bourg, had been placed in the house as insane patients. Among other proofs of madness, Mangue continually manifested a strong dislike of life, and endeavoured to prevail on the different inmates of the house to murder him. Unfortunately the proposal was made

to Pousscrean, who laboured under a most incurable kind of insanity, and he willingly undertook to perpetrate the horrid act.

The two lunatics immediately descended the stair-case leading to the kitchen, where they found a wooden horse. Mangue suddenly stopped, coolly took off his coat and cravat, turned down his shirt collar, and laid his head on the horse. They now wanted an instrument, and Mangue pointed to the kitchen chopper. Pousscrean ran to fetch it, returned, and finding his companion still in the same attitude, beheaded him with a single stroke, without any one having heard or observed the preparations for this horrible execution.

The event was, however, soon discovered by the loud fiendish laughter of the maniac, and by the bloody stains with which he was covered. On being questioned, he confessed without the least emotion, that he had yielded to the repeated entreaties of Mangue; that the latter had bequeathed to him a valuable document (which, on being produced, proved to be merely a piece of waste paper), and that he would perform the same office to any one who asked him politely! The maniac was afterwards ordered into solitary confinement, and in a short time died.

INSTANCES OF THE PROBITY OF VARIOUS NATIONS.

Diodorus Siculus, who composed his History recently after Cæsar's expedition into Britain, says, that the inhabitants dwelt in mean cottages, covered with reeds, or sticks; that they were of much sincerity and integrity, contented with plain and homely fare, and were strangers to the excess and luxury of rich men. In Friezeland, in Holland, and in other maritime provinces of the Netherlands, locks and keys were unknown, and till the inhabitants became rich by commerce they contented themselves with bare necessaries, which every one had in plenty. The Laplanders have no notion of theft. When they make an excursion into Norway, which is performed in the summer months, they leave their huts open, without fear that any thing will be purloined. Formerly, they were entirely upright in their only commerce, that of bartering the skins of wild beasts for tobacco, brandy, and coarse cloth. But, being often cheated by strangers, they begin to be more cunning. Crantz, describing the inhabitants of Iceland before they were corrupted by commerce with strangers, says, that they lived under the same roof with their cattle; that every thing was in common except their wives and children; and that they were simple in their manners, having no appetite but for what nature requires. In the reign of Edwin, King of Northumberland, a child, as historians report, might have travelled with a purse of gold, without hazard of robbery: in our days of luxury, want is so intolerable, that even fear of death is not sufficient to deter us. All travellers agree, that the native Canadians are perfectly disinterested, abhorring deceit and lying. The Californians are fond of iron and sharp instruments; and yet they are so strictly honest, that carpenters' tools left open during night were safe. The savages of North America had no locks for their goods; they probably have learnt from Europeans to be more circumspect. Procopius bears testimony, that the Sclavi, like the Huns, were innocent people, free from all malice. Plan Carpin, the Popes ambassador to the Cham of Tartary, in the year 1246, says, that the Tartars are not addicted to thieving, and that they leave their goods open without a lock. Nicholas Damaseerus reports the same of the Celta. The original inhabitants

of the island Borneo, expelled by the Mahometans from the sea-coast to the centre of the country, are honest, industrious, and kindly to each other: they have some notion of property, but not such as to render them covetous.

The Hottentots have not the least notion of theft. Though immoderately fond of brandy and tobacco, they are employed by the Dutch in tending warehouses full of these commodities. Here is an instance of probity above temptation, even among savages in the first stage of social life. Some individuals are more liberally endued than others with virtuous principles. May it not be thought, that in that respect nature has been more kind to the Hottentots than to many other tribes? Spaniards, settled on the coast of Chili, carry on a commerce with neighbouring savages, for bridles, spurs, knives, and other manufactures of iron; and in return receive oxen, horses, and even children for slaves. A Spaniard carries his goods there; and, after obtaining liberty to dispose of them, he moves about, and delivers his goods, without the least reserve, to every one who bargains with him. When all is sold, he intimates his departure; and every purchaser hurries with his goods to him; and it is not known that any one Indian ever broke his engagement. They give him a guard to carry him safe out of their territory, with all the slaves, horses and cattle that he has purchased. The savages of Brazil are faithful to their promises, and to the treaties they make with the Portuguese. Upon some occasions they may be accused of error and wrong judgment, but never of injustice nor duplicity.

GALLANT INTERPOSITION.

In the battle between Lord Hawke and the French, the gallant admiral finding so much to depend on the capture of the French admiral's ship, desired to be laid along side her; but the pilot hesitatingly replied, that he feared to do so, from the rocky shoals off which the battle raged. Hawke, however, was not to be dissuaded, and bore down upon her, with every gun doubly shotted. The captain of a French seventy-four gun ship, the Surveillante, aware of Hawke's design, gallantly threw his ship between Hawke and the French admiral, in time to receive Lord Hawke's fire, which saved the French admiral, but sent the Surveillante, and every soul on board, to the bottom.

DEATH OF MESSIEURS CINQ-MARS AND DE THOU.

The Marquis D'Esfiat de Cinq-Mars had been introduced at an early age to the favour of Louis 13th, by the Cardinal de Richelieu, in the hope that he might always have a creature of his own near the monarch's person. This young man, having been early preferred to the post of master of the horse, was desirous of becoming also a member of the council; but the Cardinal having opposed it, Cinq-Mars became his implacable enemy, and was the more encouraged to form plots against him, from having often heard the king, in hours of familiar and unreserved conversation, complain with great acrimony of de Richelieu's pride and ostentation. Having, however, also to endure the capricious humours of the monarch himself, who would frequently, from the pinnacle of favour, banish him from his presence, &c. the highspirited Cinq-Mars soon felt equally disgusted with the monarch and the