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Abstract of an Effay on Republican Principles, and of the Inconveniences of a Commonwealth in a large Country and Nation. By John Andrews, LL. D. A Nenmity to regal Power has always fubfifted, more or lefs, in this country, ever fince our civil wars in the laft century. The refloration of monarchy in the perfon of Charles the Second, was far from fuppreffing the republican fpirit that had fo violently raged for a courfe of years, to the total destruction of the English conftitution. It cannot be denied, that Charles did very little to reconcile, his fubjects to monarchical government. Nothing but the dread of feeing a renewal of thofe domeftic miferies that were fill fresh in the remembrance of all men, prevented his reign from being embrued in as much blood as that of his father. The behaviour of his brother and fucceffor, James the Second, contributed no lefs to render the people of this country fufpicious of their monarchs. Not upon all fubjects which will admit of any, that their principal attachment is now confined to the refpective heads of the different factions wihch have of late been fo fatal to this country. The fuccefs with which republican principles have been diffeminated over the whole face of the British empire, need not be infifted upon. Multitudes are infected with them in in a degree the more alarining, as they are not fenfible to what mitchiefs thefe principles have a natural tendency to lead, when they are not adopted in that guarded manner, of which only the enlightened part of mankind is capable of forming a juft idea. The good-fenfe and moderation of the majority of people in this country, has long been averfe to their admiffion. The mileries produced by them a century ago, are often reflected upon; and we do not feem in the leat inclined to tread in the footsteps of our ancettors, whom nothing but dear bought experience could cure of the infatuation of changing the monarchy into a commonwealth. But in default of the British nation, a fpacious field was opened to the views of the republican party, in our Colonies. Founded on the broadeft bafis of levelling principles thefe flourishing fettlements fecmed to invite another trial of kill in favour of that object which was uppermost in their thoughts, the erecting a state purely republican, and wherein every trace of monarchy thould be utterly abolished. How far they have have fucceeded in their views, time only can difcover. The fituation of the British Colonies in America, now become Independent States, is fuch, that the wifeft politicians can by no means conjecture, the future contingencies that may befal them. Their conftitution is at prefent republican; but whether it will continue fo is a point which will admit of difpute. But allowing that the American republics may Hourish, while each of them continues in a state of mediocrity, the adherents to a republican fyftem of government fhould confider, that what may fuit a people shut up in narrow boundaries, may not be equally fitted for a populous nation inhabiting a large country. It is principally on this gound that judicious men have in general combated this idea of a commonwealth; and it is purely on this principle that we fhould trenuously refift all thofe who betray a predilection for that form of government, in fo extentive a tract of ground as the If land of Great Britain. If we confult ancient hiftory, we find moft of the great and powerful nations governed by monarchs, and chiefly the fmaller formed into republics. We shall alfo find, that as foon as any republic be came confiderable, it gradually verged into a monarchy, or was ruined by factions. Conformably to this idea, we find it was only while they continued in a fituation of mediocrity, that the happiness of States has generally been beft confulted by a republican form of goverment. Ancient Greece furnishes ample proofs of this affertion. Whenever, thro' the acquifition of larger territories, their dimentions fwelled beyond their primitive proportion; whenever they became possessed of great riches and power, we shall conftantly obferve, that the notions, manners, and purfuits of men underwent an equal alteration; and that foon or late their government partook of the change, and either fubfided into a monarchy, or became, thro' its diffentions, the prey of fome more powerful invader. Thus Athens, after having flourished a long time, while her ftrength and opulence were moderate, as foon as the had attained to a high degree of riches and pre-eminence, involved herself in continual difputes, and in a reflefs variety of attempts to domineer over all her neighbours; the confequence of which was a fpeedy decline, and at length a total deftruction of her power and liberty. Thebes, in like manner, had no fooner reached that fummit of confideration to which he was lifted by the fuperior genius of her Epaminondas, than he was, fhortly after the lofs of this celebrated man, brought to irretrievable ruin thro' her pride and imprudence. Lacedemon affords another inftance of the fame kind. After having triumphed over Athens, her long-dreaded rival, fhe excited thro' her haughtiness a confederacy that foon put an end to the dominion the bad aflumed over her neighbours, and reduced her to a condition of inconfiderablenels fr in which fe never recovered. The experience of modern times comes invariably in aid of the paft. The republics now fubfting are all of moderate power and confideration; and if at any time they have become eminent and con fpicuous, it has been to their great danger and detriment. ow The two principal republics that now figure in Europe are thofe of Venice and Holland. The first of these, thro' induftry, œconomy, and the almoft exclufive commerce of Europe during feveral centuries, grew immenfely opulent; but the moment the fuffered the luft of dominion to take poffeffion of her councils, the bewildered herfelf in a multiplicity of fchemes which brought her to the brink of perdition, and obliged her to revert to her primitive maxins, in order to infure her prefervation. Elated with fucceffes Holland experienced precifely the fame perils, when at the height of her elevation in the last century. obtained thro' the countenance of thofe Powers, whofe intereft had induced, them to favour and fecond her efforts to emancipate herself from the tyranny of Spain, the ventured to treat them with a freedom and boldnefs which they could not brook they, in return, confpired her deftruction; and would have effected it had not the jealoufies infeparable from the intercourfe between great and rival nations, broken the union that had been framed to compass her ruin. Since that dangerous epocha, the Dutch have been very careful to give no fort of umbrage to any of their powerful neighbours. The wifeft heads of that State have long feen the neceflity of rettraining themselves within moderate bounds, conscious that any further augmentation of power might prove detrimental to their perfent conftitution. But even in their actual circumstances, they are far from being fecure from a revolution in their Their wealth is known to be immenfe, and their territories are fufficiently extenfive to form a monarchy, cfpecially when we reflect how full they are of inhabitants. government. The confideration which renders a furmife of this kind far from improbable is, that for many years paft they have been fplit into factions, of which the violence is greatly augmented of late, and which threaten to terminate, as moft internal diffentions do in rich and popuJous countries, in a revolution in favour of fome great and refolute chief of one of the contending parties. What chiefly adds to the probability of fuch an event is that the government of Holland fcarcely deferves the name of a republic. It has long been transformed into an aristocracy; and tho', through the moderation of the ruling men, the adminiftration is carried on with great wildom and difcretion, and no haughtiness or oppreffion is excrcifed, yet it is vifible to all, that the public authority is lodged in the hands of fome great families exclufively, and that the democratical part of the conftituents is of little weight. Another motive inclining one to imagine that a revolution of this nature will happen, is the inherent attachment of the people of Holland to the Houfe of Orange. This attachment is chiefly found in the middling and lower claffes. Senfible that they have no chance of participating in the honours and emoluments of govern ment, and yet looking on themfelves as equally entitled with thofe who are, through family-connections, promoted to them, they neceflarily look on thefe with an eye of difpleasure and jealousy : they are, of courfe, difpofed to bring them, if poffible, to the fame level with themfelves, by conferring the fupreme command upon one, who fhall be fuperior to all, and whofe rank and authority fhail entirely eclipfe and abforb the power and pretenfions of the Patrician claffes. Holland has more than once been on the point of having a Sovereign. William, the fecond Stadtholder of that name, aided by the intrigues of the partizans of his family, as well as by numerous military, had nearly fucceeded. Had not death taken him off fhortly after his first attempt, he probably would have taken furer meafures in a fecond. The moderation alone of our William the Third, fon to the preceding, and Stadtholder, prevented him from affuming the fovereignty. The generality of people were fq difcontented with their governors, and fo exafperated at the conduct of the De Wits and their adherents, that it would have been eafy, at that period, for William to have converted the republic into a monarchy to fay nothing of the affiftance he would have received, and was even proffered by the Courts of both England and France. But we need not go out of our own country to be convinced, by the most evident proofs, that a republican form of government is utterly inconfiftent with the temper, disposition, and intereft, of a great and powerful people. If we look back to the laft century, what efforts were not made by the republican party in England to fettle their. favourite fyftem among us! If ever that ftood a fair chance to be fuccesfully |