completed, comp. xxvii.24-in contradiction to 2S.xxiv.8, incautiously followed by C in v.4.13

(v) In v.7, for 'and David's heart smote him after that he had numbered the people,' 2S.xxiv. 10, he writes, And it was evil in the eyes of ELOHIM concerning this thing, and He smote Israel.' 14

(vi) In v.12 he has probably the true reading 'three years' for 'seven years,' 2S.xxiv.13, comp. 'three months,' 'three days,' and he expands considerably the language of this verse.15

(vii) In v.15, for 'and the angel put-forth his hand upon Jerusalem, to destroy it,' 2S.xxiv.16, he has 'and ELOHIM sent an angel to Jerusalem to destroy it, and, while destroying, Jahveh saw.'

(viii) In v.16 he expands the words in 2S.xxiv.17, 'at his seeing the angel that smote the people,' into a statement that David saw the angel, 'standing between earth and heaven, with a drawn sword in his hand stretched over Jerusalem,' and that David and the elders, who were clothed in sackcloth, fell on their faces, 16

(ix) In v.17 he inserts at the beginning 'Did not I say to number the people?' and at the end, and on thy people not for a plague.'

(x) In v.18, for 'And Gad came that day to David and said to him,' 2S.xxiv.18, he has and the angel of Jahveh said to Gad to say to David,'" comp. v.19, 'the word of Gad, which he spake in the name of Jahveh,' probably in order to exclude more distinctly (but see 2S.xxiv.19") the notion of Gad having taken upon himself to advise David to build an altar for sacrifice beside the Brazen Altar at Gibeon, v.28-30.

(xi) In v.20 he inserts And Ornan turned and saw the angel, and his four sons with him were hiding-themselves, and Ornan had threshed wheat.'

(xii) In v.22 he inserts, 'for a full price give it me,' comp. also v.24, where there may be an allusion to G.xxiii.9.

(xiii) In v 23 he inserts and the wheat for an offering,' which, perhaps, explains why in v.20 he inserted and Ornan had threshed wheat,' though GRAF, p.211, supposes this to have dropped out of the original narrative in 2Samuel. The last words of v.23, 'I give all,' retain the only trace of 28.xxiv.23. (xiv) In v.25 he makes the price given for Ornan's threshing-floor 600 shekels of silver, instead of 50, as in 28.xxiv.24.

(xv) In v.26 he makes Jahveh answer from heaven by fire' upon David's offering, as in 2Ch.vii.1, L.ix.24.18

(xvi) In v.27–30 he assigns as the reason for David's not sacrificing upon the Brazen Altar of Moses, that it was before the Mosaic Tabernacle at Gibeon, and David was afraid to go there because of the sword of the angel of Jahveh'-v.27 being his version of 2S.xxiv.25",-v.28 referring to his own statement in v.26",v.29 to xvi.39, comp. 2Ch.i.3,-and the whole being intended to account for David's violation of the Mosaic Law, in sacrificing elsewhere than before the Tabernacle, L.xvii.1-7.

430. On xxii GRAF observes as follows, p.212 :—

According to the account in 2S.xxiv, David had consecrated by an altar the place where afterwards Solomon built the Temple. A later age referred back to David all the religious institutions which existed in the Second Temple, and would gladly have ascribed to him the building of the Temple itself, Ps.cxxxii. 1, &c., if its having been built by Solomon had not been too notorious. At all events, David (they said) must have prepared everything for this building, and have given to his son Solomon and the chiefs of the people before his death not only the charge to build, but the collected materials also and the accurate plan for the building. If even David ever entertained the unfulfilled purpose of building a temple in Jerusalem, yet all that is here related about his preparations contradicts the historical notices, 1K.v.15, &c., which throughout presuppose nothing of the kind, and does not even agree with 2S.vii ( = 1Ch.xvii), where according to Nathan's address all is reserved for the future descendant of David. The enormous, utterly disproportionate, numbers, xxii. 14, comp. v.16, show that we are here in the realm of fiction; and from the language it appears that this section, consisting properly only of reminiscences, belongs to C himself.

431. We make the following notes upon the contents of xxii. (i) In v.1 he seems to have imitated the language of G.xxviii.17, 'This is the House of Jahveh ELOHIM, and this the altar of burnt-offering for Israel.'

But why was neither the Tabernacle brought to this place from Gibeon, xvi.39,40, xxi.29, nor the Ark with its tent from Mount Zion, xvi.1, since in 2Ch.v.5 both these are brought into the Temple in Solomon's time?

(ii) In v.7 he has copied 1K.viii.17.

(iii) In v.8, comp. xxviii.3, based on 1K.v.3, he gives a reason for David's not being allowed to build the Temple, viz. that he had shed blood abundantly and had made great wars,' about which nothing appears in Nathan's address, 2S.vii (= 1Ch.xvii). 19

(iv) In v.9 he makes David say that the name by which his son should be called was divinely announced to him beforehand, and he derives the name 'Solomon' (Shelomoh) from shalom, peace,' adding 'I will give him rest from all his enemies round-about,' in contradiction to 1K.xi.14-25.

(v) In v.10 he has copied 2S.vii.13,14 ( = 1Ch.xvii. 12,13).

(vi) In v.14 David says that 'in his poverty he has prepared for the House of Jahveh' 100,000 talents of gold (= £547,500,000) and a million talents of silver (= £342,000,000)! 20

(vii) In v.18, the land is subdued before Jahveh and before His people,' he, perhaps, alludes to N.xxxii.22,29, J.xviii. 1.

432. Omitting for the present the genealogical chapters, xxiii-xxvii, in xxviii C makes David hold a solemn assembly, in which he charges Solomon Know the God of thy father,'

v.9,21 and bids him to build the Temple, and hands over to him the plans for it, which he professes to have received from Jahveh in writing,' 22 v.19; while in xxix David is made to encourage by his own example the Princes and People to make liberal offerings towards its erection, after which he utters his last prayer and thanksgiving, sees Solomon made King a second time,' and so dies, and is buried. On these chapters GRAF writes, p.214—

In this account C has manifestly taken as his model the last address of Moses and his transfer of the leadership of Israel to Joshua, D.xxxi, and also the last assembly under Joshua, J.xxiii,xxiv. But, certainly, the difference is great between the speech here put into David's mouth, made up of reminiscences, and those of Moses and Joshua written by a Prophet's hand. And in the many repetitions, and the frequently inaccurate and stiff phraseology, we recognize the hand of C, for whom the building of the Temple was the most important--rather, the only really significant-event of the time of David and Solomon. What is related in 1K.i, about the manner in which Solomon came to the throne, is here wholly set aside. Whatever could cloud the ideal lustre in which David appears, is kept at a distance. The whole account rests on an imaginary foundation; and as much as possible of the credit of building the Temple and ordering the Temple-worship is transferred to David, so that for Solomon nothing more remains than the material execution of what was already defined in minutest detail. By the circumstance that David receives the plan of the Temple from Jahveh Himself, comp. xxviii.12, he is set on a line with Moses, to whom in like manner Jahveh imparts the plan of the Tabernacl, although we might rather have expected that David would have referred Solomon to the Tabernacle itself as the model for the Temple.

433. The following points are noticeable in these chapters.

(i) In xxviii.6 C makes David say that Jahveh had mentioned Solomon by name to him, as in xxii.9.23

(ii) In xxviii.11-18 he adds to the provisions for the Temple some items which are not mentioned in 1Kings, and which probably-some of them, at least-only belonged to the Second Temple, e.g. the upper-chambers,' v.11, the 'chambers,' v.12, the golden tables (plur.) of shewbread (VI.402), and the silver tables, v.16. (iii) In v.11 he calls the holy of holies the house of the mercy-seat,' and in v.18 he calls the Ark the 'chariot of the cherubim,' 24 perhaps with reference

to Ez.i.

(iv) In v.21 he assumes the existence of the courses' of Priests and Levites, as prescribed in xxiii, &c., although at present there was no Temple.

(v) In xxix.1–9 he reckons up the abundant offerings of David and the Princes

for the building of the Temple,"—doubtless, with the view of exciting the zeal of his own contemporaries; comp. E.xxv.1,&c., xxxv.21,&c., xxxviii.24,&c., written evidently with the same object.26

(vi) In v.3-5, besides the enormous amount of gold and silver, which David had already laid by for the Temple, £889,500,000 (431.vi), he gives 'out of his own proper good' 3,000 talents of gold of Ophir (=£16,425,000) and 7,000 talents of silver (= £2,394,000).27

(vii) In v.6-8 the chiefs, Princes, &c., follow David's example, comp. N.vii, giving, beside silver, iron, and jewels, 5,000 talents and 10,000 darics (E.V. 'drams') of gold, v.7, where a coin is named, either the Persian'daric' or the Greek drachm,' which was current in C's later time, but not in David's; but he may have 'translated the terms found in his documents,' says Prof. R. (p.271).

(viii) In v.22 the expression 'second time' probably refers to xxiii.1. But the statement here made, that Zadok the first High-Priest of the Temple and father of the faithful' Priests, Ez.xliv.15,&c., was anointed and consecrated to be Priest at the same time with Solomon's being anointed to be King, contradicts 1K.i.32,39, ii.35,28-as, in fact, this whole account of Solomon's being made King is utterly irreconcileable with that in 1K.i,ii, which yet C evidently had before him all the while, since in v.23 he follows 1K.ii.12a, and in v.27 he copies 1K.ii.11.29

Thus, as GRAF concludes, p.216

All that C gives us in this history of David, x-xxii, xxviii, xxix, belongs either to the canonical Book of Samuel, except a few notices, xi.8, xxi.6 [which appear to be no exceptions to the general statement which follows (418, 429.iv] or is the work of our historian himself, and can make no kind of claim to any originality. Only lists of names with disjointed notices, which were used in part by the writer of Samuel, lay also before him in writing, whether in an old form or in a later edition, and were by himself again manipulated.

379

CHAPTER XXII.

THE FIRST BOOK OF CHRONICLES (Ch.I-IX,XXIII-XXVII).

434. On these genealogical chapters GRAF remarks as follows, p.218-9.

*

As in the narrative, so here we find old and new, historical and unhistorical, mixed together, old registers of different kinds combined, enlarged by additions of a later time, and by special insertions of C himself, to suit the views and interests of his own time and his own position and the object of his work. . . . And from the fact that something in these notices is manifestly old, and drawn from authentic sources, we can no more infer that we must therefore regard as old and authentic all the rest which is appended thereto, than that we are to treat as authentic history everything, even the legendary matter, which appears in the historical narrative, because some statements in it rest on real ancient history. Rather, some portions of these notices are so manifestly stamped with the character of being unhistorical, that the value of most of them can only be judged of by their agreeing or not with otherwise credible history, and in many cases, in the absence of such a test, must remain doubtful.

435. In i-iii most of the notices are derived from different parts of Genesis and other canonical books, though some, as those in ii.18-55, are drawn from other sources, many of the names, which are given here as names of persons, being names of places, as Gibea, v.49, Kirjath-Jearim, v.50, Bethlehem, v.54.

In ii.20 we have a fictitious genealogy of Bezaleel, the artist of the Tabernacle, &c. in the wilderness, in accordance with E.xxxi.2.

In iv the notices are mostly taken from some unknown source; but in v.38-41, containing some peculiar historical notices

The importance attached to these genealogical registers in post-exilic times may be gathered from Ezr.ii.59,62, Ez.xiii.9, Ps.lxxxvii.6.