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fact that Pepys had been a roundhead, or called so when at school, was entirely forgotten; but, in general, malice dealt not with facts or half facts, but with absolute falsehoods, admitting of no explanation, nor of any other contradiction than such as arises from being able to prove the witnesses of the invented calumny unworthy of any credit. Pepys was returned as member to the House of Commons, but his seat was disputed, and the house thought itself entitled to examine some statements that personally affected Pepys. It was stated that he had an altar and a crucifix in his house. It was with difficulty extorted that the information on which the house was disposed to act had been given by Lord Shaftesbury. Sir J. Banks was also said to have seen the altar. Shaftesbury evaded and equivocated, denied the altar, but said he saw something like a crucifix, whether painted or carved he could not say, "his memory was so imperfect that, were he on his oath, he could give no testimony." Banks denied the thing altogether. One solitary word of truth there does not appear to have been in the accusation. The opposition to Pepys was allowed to drop, and he was allowed peaceably to retain his seat. Pepys' journal bears incontrovertible testimony to his attachment to the Church of England:

from Charles' own lips the romantic narrative of his escape after the battle of Worcester.

In the next year the king assumed the office of lord high admiral, and Pepys was constituted secretary for the affairs of the admiralty, which office he filled during the remainder of Charles' reign, and the whole of James II. When news came of the landing of William, James was sitting to Kneller for his picture; with entire composure he desired the painter "to proceed and finish the portrait, that his good friend might not be disappointed:"

The history of the period from Mr. Pepys' committal to the Tower to the abdication of James II., so far as the administration of the navy is concerned, and the part borne by him therein, will be found fully and elegantly detailed in his Memoirs published in 1690, which the reader may consult for his more ample satisfaction. From the perusal of this interesting little tract, as well as many parts of the work now published, it may be seen how erroneously the merit of restoring the navy to its pristine splendor has been assigned to James II. by his different biographers. Mr. Stanier Clarke, in particular, actually dwells upon the essential and lasting benefit which that monarch conferred on his country, by building up and regenerating the naval power; and asserts, as a proof of the king's great ability, that the regulations still enforced under the orders of the admiralty, are nearly the same as those In some of the earliest pages of his Diary how originally drawn up by him. It becomes due, thereinteresting are the accounts of his attendance on fore, to Mr. Pepys to explain, that for these imthe worship of that church, when her rites were provements, the value of which no person can administered to a scattered flock by a few faithful doubt, we are indebted to him, and not to his royal and courageous men, who met for that purpose in master. To establish this fact, it is only necessary secret and in danger, like the fathers of the primi- to refer to the MSS. connected with the subject, in tive church under the tyranny of their heathen per- the Bodleian and Pepysian Libraries, by which the secutors! After the Restoration, the confidential extent of Mr. Pepys' official labors can alone be servant of the Duke of York, and the secretary of appreciated; and we even find in the Diary, as the admiralty to Charles II. and James II., saw, early as 1668, that a long letter of regulation, proundoubtedly, how much his temporal interests duced before the commissioners of the navy by the would be promoted by his conversion to that faith Duke of York, as his own composition, was entirely which both those princes had embraced, and for written by the Clerk of the Acts.-Lord Braybrooke. the propagation of which the last of them, his im--Life. mediate patron, manifested such a bigoted and fanatical enthusiasm. But there is no reason for believing that any such temptation ever entered have it natural that he should continue to be eminto his mind; or, if it did, the reader will see, in the close of this memoir, the most satisfactory proofs that it was steadily and successfully resisted. -Lord Braybrooke. Life of Pepys.

Pepys' attachment to James was too great to

ployed after the revolution, and he passed into private life. Still till the time of his death he was consulted about all things that in any way related to the navy. In 1684, he was raised to the high station of President of the Royal Society. In 1703 he died. "I never," said the clergyman who attended him in his death illness-“I never attended any sick or dying person that died with so much Christian greatness of mind, or a more lively sense of immortality, or so much fortitude or patience, in so long and sharp a trial, or greater resignation to the will which he acknowledged to be the wisdom of God."

In 1673, the Duke of York having resigned all his employments, Pepys was called into the king's immediate service as secretary for the affairs of the navy. In 1679, Pepys was again accused. It was the day of pretended plots and conspiracies. Pepys was accused of treasonable correspondence with France, and was committed to the Tower. One of his servants gave testimony that his master was a Roman Catholic, and that a foreign music master who lived in Pepys' house was a priest in disguise. The "DIARY" is the record of ten years-from The servant afterwards retracted all he said, and January, 1659-60, to May, 1670. In the earlier if other evidence of Pepys' innocence be required editions of the work Lord Braybrooke had considit is enough to say that Evelyn states his belief | erably abridged the narrative; and even in the last that the accusation was altogether groundless. edition there are omissions. The manners of our Another change in the constitution of the admi-age will not permit much that, in days infinitely less ralty separated Pepys from it, but during this in- licentious than those of the second Charles, was interval he attended Charles at Newmarket, and it offensively and innocently spoken and written, and was then and there that he took down in short hand we doubt, accordingly, the fitness of any omissions

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time God sent his Son, made of a woman," 3c.; showing that, by "made under the law," is meant the circumcision, which is solemnized this day. Dined at home in the garret, where my wife dressed the remains of a turkey, and in the doing of it she burned her hand. I staid at home the whole afternoon looking over my accounts.

The Downing here mentioned is described by Wood as "a sider with all times and changes, skilled in the common cant, and a preacher occasionally." He was employed by Cromwell, and after the Restoration he became secretary to the treasury.

whatever. Allowance is made for the difference of | at Exeter House, where he made a very good sermanners which neutralizes whatever is mischiev- mon upon these words-"That in the fuls of ous; and a distrust of every part of the work is introduced, when an editor once begins to exercise his own discretion in determining how much or how little of the work he edits is to appear before the public. In the new edition of Pepys, the additions are very considerable-scarce a page where they do not occur; and, as in the original selections, all that bore on the general history of the country was studiously preserved, it now happens, that the matter, for the first time printed, and which was then omitted, is that which relates to Pepys himself, or to some passing incident of no seeming importance. To us these trifling traits of character-these transient indications of manners, are of more value than the more formal passages, if, indeed, anything in this most amusing and most unreserved journal can be called formal. There is not a single page of the new edition which it is not necessary to read, as the additions are often of but a few lines, and are not in any way distinguished by any difference way, are not to be too harshly judged of. of type. The new edition is, in truth, an absolutely new work. Lord Braybrooke's notes to it are also considerably more illustrative of the text than those in the former editions. Five-and-twenty years have not passed without having considerably increased his means of information on the subjects with which his notes are occupied.

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1659-60.-Blessed be God, at the end of the last year I was in very good health, without any sense of my old pain, but upon taking cold. I lived in Axe-yard, having my wife, and servant Jane, and no other in family than us three.

The condition of the state was thus, viz., the Rump, after being disturbed by my Lord Lambert, was lately returned to sit again. The officers of the army all forced to yield. Lawson lies still in the river, and Monk is with his army in Scotland. Only my Lord Lambert is not yet come into the parliament, nor is it expected that he will without being forced to it. The new common council of the city do speak very high; and had sent to Monk their sword-bearer, to acquaint him with their desires for a free and full parliament, which is at present the desires, and the hopes, and the expectations of all. Twenty-two of the old secluded members having been at the House-door the last week to demand entrance, but it was denied them; and it is believed, that neither they nor the people will be satisfied till the House be filled. My own private condition very handsome, and esteemed rich, but, indeed, very poor; besides my goods of my house, and my office, which at present is somewhat certain. Mr. Downing master of my office.

Jan. 1st (Lord's day).—This morning (we living lately in the garret) I rose, put on my suit with great skirts, having not lately worn any other clothes but them. Went to Mr. Gunning's chapel

Pepys' employment under him was in some way connected with the Exchequer. The Mr. Gunning whom he mentions, became afterwards Bishop of Ely. He had continued to read the liturgy at Exeter House, when the parliament was most predominant, for which Wood often rebuked him. Downing's changes of politics in these strange times, when no man could see his

The

We

fact itself was, probably, nothing more than that
he served under the parliament, and afterwards
under Charles. The temper in which it is
recorded is, that of some writer of the day relating
the fact in a tone that exhibits his own feelings,
and not those of the person he describes.
mention this, because too much stress has been
laid on Pepys' school-boy Roundheadism, and his
being indebted to Downing for the humble office
which he held, has been made the subject of absurd
accusation against him. In spite of his schoolboy
republicanism, which was but a transient fever of
the mind, Pepys was, long before the Restoration,
in spirit and in heart, a loyalist. In religion, he
was at all times an episcopalian; and the thought
of royalty and the church were at that time fixedly
associated in men's minds. There is a striking
entry, dated the 30th of January, 1659, (1660, as
we would write,) for the first time printed, in
Lord Braybrooke's last edition of the "Diary,"
which shows the true tone of Pepys' feelings:-
"This morning, before I was up, I fell a singing
of my song 'Great, good, and just,' &c., and
put myself thereby in mind that this was the fatal
day, now ten years since, his majesty died.
There seems now to be a general cease of talk,
it being taken for granted that Monk do resolve
to stand to the parliament, and nothing else."
The expectation, then, of the Restoration was
dying away at the time when Pepys' thoughts
were thus occupied. What Pepys calls his song,
was the beginning of Montrose's verses on the
execution of Charles, which he had set to
music:-

Great, good, and just, could I but rate
My grief, and thy too rigid fate;
I'd weep the world to such a strain,
That it should deluge once again.

But, since thy loud-tongued blood demands supplies,
More from Briareus' hands than Argus' eyes,
I'll sing thy obsequies with trumpet sounds,
And write thy epitaph with blood and wounds.
The fluctuations of opinion everywhere, and the

Pepys' solution of Lambert's not being unwilling to go to the Tower is not bad :--" My Lord did seem to wonder much why Lambert was so willing to be put into the Tower, and thinks he has some design in it; but I think that he is so poor that he cannot use his liberty for debts, if he were at liberty; and so it is as good and better for him to be there than anywhere else." In Dr. Beattie's "Life of Campbell the Poet,"

watchful anxiety with which Monk's movements he will come in,) unless he carry himself very were regarded by all, during a period in which soberly and well. Everybody now drinks the the fate of the nation seemed to depend on the king's health without any fear; whereas it was part he might take, are nowhere so strikingly before very private that a man dare to do it.” described as in this journal. His whole conduct, interpreted by the fact of his ultimately declaring for the Restoration, is, in the popular histories of England, described as if it were consistent, and as if the purpose which he accomplished was a part of his original design, and not like most of the acts of men, in whatever position, a compromise with circumstances which they but partially influence. We learn more of hunan nature, and more of actual fact, in these successive we remember something like this. An Irish notices, drawn up without the key which after-patriot of 1798 finds himself comfortably boarded events give. The joy of the city, when Monk declared for a free parliament, and when the rump was dethroned, is well told :---

and lodged as a state prisoner. He is detained so long that a kind of intimacy grows up between him and his gaoler. The governor of the prison has a daughter, who listens indulgently to his 11th February, 1659-60.-We were told that the parliament had sent Scott and Robinson to stories of forfeited estates and chateaux in Ireland, Monk this afternoon, but he would not hear them. inherited from his ancestors in the days of MileAnd that the mayor and aldermen had offered their sius. The state prisoner gradually becomes a own houses for himself and his officers; and that great man; and as he is pretty sure to return his soldiers would lack for nothing. And indeed each evening about dinner-time, is allowed to I saw many people give the soldiers drink and ramble where he pleases during the day. At money, and all along the streets cried, "God bless last a real grievance comes-the order for his them!" and extraordinary good words. Hence liberation and O'Donovan is obliged to curtail we went to a merchant's house hard by, where I saw Sir Nich. Crisp, and so we went to the Star his name of some dozen Celtic letters, which he Tavern (Monk being then at Benson's.) In Cheap- had each day amused himself in explaining to the side there was a great many bonfires, and Bow governor's daughter; has to forget all about bells and all the bells in all the churches as we went home were a-ringing. Hence we went homewards, it being about ten at night. But the common joy that was everywhere to be seen! The number of bonfires, there being fourteen between St. Dunstan's and Temple Bar, and at Strand Pepys was not entrusted with the secret of Sir Bridge I could at one time tell thirty-one fires. Edward Montagu, who had been in correspondence In King street seven or eight; and all along burn- with the king and the Duke of York for some ing, and roasting, and drinking for rumps. There time; nor were the movements of Monk and being rumps tied upon sticks, and carried up and Montagu in concert, though all were plainly down. The butchers at the May Pole in the When Montagu Strand rang a peal with their knives when they tending to the Restoration. were going to sacrifice their rump. On Ludgate Hill there was one turning of the spit that had a rump tied upon it, and another basting of it. Indeed it was past imagination, both the greatness and the suddenness of it. At one end of the street you would think there was a whole lane of fire, and so hot that we were fain to keep on the further side.

Still all was doubtful. Something like monarchy is becoming the popular thought. Pepys' entry of the first of March following tells us "Great is the talk of a single person, and that it would be Charles, George, or Richard* again. Great, also, is the dispute now in the house in whose name the new writs shall run for the next parliament; and it is said that Mr. Prin, in open house said, In King Charles'.'" The entry of March the 6th contains the following :"My Lord [Sir E. Montagu] told me that there was great endeavors to bring in the protector again; but he told me, too, that he did not think it would last long if he were brought in; no, nor the king neither, (though he seems to think that * Charles Rex, George Monk, Richard Cromwell.

Milesius, and Finn M'Comhal, and the glories and victories of his ancestors, Christian and Pagan, and earn his bread, or cease to eat it, as if he were no better than a mere Saxon.

determined on taking Pepys on board with him in the vessel that was to bring back the king, the object of the voyage was not communicated to Pepys, nor perhaps was it quite distinctly before Montagu's own mind-it depended on so many calculations, and on so many contingencies that were beyond the reach of calculation. Pepys made his will, and left to his wife all he had in the world, except his books. In spite of his joyous anticipations connected with the purpose of the voyage, which he more than suspected, he had misgivings; and he seems to have busied himself in reading signs in the heavens, and guessing what destiny was about, by watching the shiftings of the clouds, and the changes of the wind. "I took," says he, " a short, melancholy leave of my father and mother, without having them to drink, or say anything of business one to another. At Westminster, by reason of rain and an easterly wind, the water was so high that there were boats rowed in King street, and all our yards were drowned that no one could go to my house, so as no man has seen the like almost, and most houses full of water."

Montagu also made his will, for we have an|ther towards a king; that the Skinners' Company, entry :-"Carried my Lord's will in a black box the other day, at their entertaining of General to Mr. W. Montagu, for him to keep for him." Monk, had took down the Parliament Arms in Still, in spite of a few misgivings, the omens their Hall, and set up the King's. My Lord and were favorable, and Pepys soon gets into exulting I had a great deal of discourse about the sevspirits. Pepys' had been a prosperous life hith-eral captains of the fleet, and his interest among erto, and there was now the dawn of higher pros- them, and had his mind clear to bring in the King. perity. Competence, at least, was within his He confessed to me that he was not sure of his reach-probably wealth, and perhaps rank. The own captain to be true to him, and that he did not manners of the time were such as to us would ap- like Captain Stokes." We soon, however, have pear strange-nay, shabby. Presents-bribes, in the fleet with the king. Pepys drew up the vote, truth-were universal; and it seems astonishing and we have the letter which accompanied the offihow a system of corruption, extending itself to cial copies of it signed with his name:" -"Sireverything, and overspreading private and public He that can fancy a fleet (like ours) in her pride, life, did not leave society less sound at the core with pendants loose, guns roaring, caps flying, and than it appears to have been. When Downing, the loud Vive le Roys, echoed from one ship's Pepys' first master, went on an excursion to Hol- company to another, he and he only can apprehend land, he took a civil leave of the poor clerk, who the joy this enclosed vote was received with, or was trembling lest his master was about dismiss- the blessing he thought himself possessed of that ing him. "I was afraid," says Pepys, "that he bore it, and is your humble servant-S. PEPYS." would have told me something of removing me from my office; but he did not; but that he would do me any service that lay in his power. So I went down, and sent a porter to my house for my best fur cap; but he coming too late with it, I did not present it to him; and so I returned and went to Heaven, where I dined."

how

Pepys was now in the position to feel much more blessed it is to receive than to give. He is appointed secretary to the two generals of the fleet, and we find him writing, in his secret cipher "Strange how these people do promise me anything; one a rapier, the other a vessel of wine or a gun; and one offered me a silver hatband to do him a courtesy. I pray God to keep me from being proud, or too much lifted up hereby." We have an entry of the 30th—“I was saluted in the morning with two letters from some one I had done a favor to, which brought me in each a piece of gold.' Neither of the passages which we have last quoted are in the earlier editions of the "Diary ;" and this may suggest to our readers how imperfect any acquaintance with the book derived from the former editions can be. An entry of April the 1st follows, the following sentence of which was first printed in 1848 :"April 1 (Lord's day.)-This morning I gave Mr. Hill, that was on board with the vice-admiral, a bottle of wine, and was exceedingly satisfied with the power I have to make my friends welcome." Some parts of the entry, that may be of use with reference to general history, follow; but their value for this, or for any purpose, is diminished, by omitting anything illustrative of the character of the writer. The entire unreserve with which everything that passes through his mind is jotted down, is no inconsiderable part of the evidence that makes us rely entirely on his fidelity. Montagu soon ceased to have any secrets from Pepys; but the necessity of caution and secrecy still existed. When at sea, they learn that "All the news from London is, that things go on fur*"False Heaven, at the end of the Hall."-Hudibras, A place of entertainment in Old Palace-yard.

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The pecuniary distress of the royal family at the moment of the Restoration is mentioned :

May 16, 1660. This afternoon Mr. E. Pickering told me in what a sad, poor condition, for clothes and money, the King was, and all his attendants, when he came to him first from my Lord. their clothes not being worth forty shillings, the best of them. And how overjoyed the King was when Sir J. Greenville brought him some money; so joyful that he called the Princess Royal and Duke of York to look upon it as it lay in the portmanteau before it was taken out. My Lord told me, too, that the Duke of York is made High Admiral of England.

On the 17th, Pepys was presented to the king, the Duke of York, and the princess royal.

May 23, 1660. We weighed anchor, and with for England. All the afternoon the King walked a fresh gale and most happy weather, we set sail here and there, up and down (quite contrary to what I thought him to have been) very active and stirring. Upon the quarter-deck he fell into discourse of his escape from Worcester, where it made me ready to weep to hear the stories that he told of his difficulties that he had passed through, as his travelling four days and three nights on foot, every step up to his knees in dirt, with nothing but a green coat and a pair of country breeches on, and a pair of country shoes that made him so sore all over his feet, that he could scarce stir. Yet he was forced to run away from a miller and other company, that took them for rogues. His sitting at table at one place, where the master of the house, that had not seen him in eight years, did know him, but that had been of his own regiment at Worcester, kept it private; when at the table there was one could not know him, but made him drink the King's health, and said that the King was at least four fingers higher than he. At another place he was by some servants of the house made to drink, that they might know that he was not a Roundhead, which the master of the house, as the king was standing they swore he was. In another place at his inn, with his hands on the back of a chair at the fireside, kneeled down and kissed his hand, privately, say. ing, that he would not ask him who he was, but bid God bless him whither he was going. Then the difficulties in getting a boat to get into France,

where he was fain to plot with the master thereof | Lord, I, and W. Howe did stand, listening a great to keep his design from the foreman and a boy, (which was all the ship's company,) and so get to Fecamp, in France. At Rouen he looked so poorly that the people went into the rooms before he went away, to see whether he had not stole something or other.

Pepys is, however, occupied in one way or other for a month more, so as to have no opportunity of rejoining his family; and it is not until the 22nd of the following month that we have the entry—“To bed the first time since my coming from sea in my own house, for which God be praised." On the 8th of July we have the entry "To Whitehall Chapel, where I got in with ease, by going before the Lord Chancellor with Mr. Kipps. Here I heard very good musique, the first time that ever I remember to have heard the organs, and singing men in surplices, in my life. The Bishop of Chichester [King] preached before the King, and made a great flattering sermon, which I did not like, that the clergy should meddle with

66

while to the musique." The whispering about Madame Palmer goes on, and there is more in the matter than Pepys has heard; the king, however, and not the duke, seems the favored lover. "There are factions," we are told, "private ones at court, about Mrs. Palmer, but what it is about I know not. But it is about the King's favor to her now that the Queen is coming." Our next meeting with Mrs. Palmer is as Lady Castlemaine. We are told of a patent for "Roger Palmer (Madame Palmer's husband) to be Earl of Castlemaine and Baron of Limbricke in Ireland; but the honor is tied up to the males of the body of this wife, the reason whereof everybody knows." Soon after we have an account that Lady Castlemaine, “ being quite fallen out with her husband, did yesterday go away from him with all her plate, jewels, and other best things, and is gone to Richmond to a brother of her's; which I am apt to think was a design to get her out of town, that the King might come at her the better." This entry was in July. In the following January we have The 10th is an important day with Pepys. It recorded a visit to Whitehall," where I spent a was the day on which his patron obtained the title little time walking among the courtiers, which I of Earl of Sandwich. It was more important on perceive I shall be able to do with great confiother accounts. "This day I put on my new silk dence, being now beginning to be pretty well suit, the first that ever I wore in my life." It had further interest. Pepys had an eye for pretty women, and that day he took his wife to "a great wedding of Nan Hartlib's to Mynheer Roder, which was kept at Goring House, with very great state, cost, and able company. But among all the beauties there my wife was thought the greatest." "Home, with my mind pretty quiet; not returning, as I said I would, to see the bride put

matters of state."

to bed."

known among them. Among other discourse am
told how the King sups at least four times every
week with my Lady Castlemaine, and most often
stays till the morning with her,
and goes home
through the garden all alone, privately; and that
so as the very sentries take notice of it and speak
of it." In February he is told "that my Lady
Castlemaine hath all the King's Christmas pres-
ents made him by the peers given to her, which is
a most abominable thing; and that at the great
ball she was much richer in jewels than the Queen
and Duchess both put together." In a miscella-

On the 13th Pepys rises early, for he has business to do—he had been promised the patent place of Clerk of the Acts, and he had to pass his pa-neous entry of the 25th of April, the greater part tent. This was difficult, for fees were to be paid of which was suppressed in the earlier editions, to every one who had anything to do in preparing we find a good deal worth preserving :— it; and it would seem that even a copying clerk, who had not been the person himself to copy it, was near interrupting all by insisting that it was not fairly written. However, Pepys gave him

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April 25th, 1663. In the evening, merrily practising the dance which my wife hath begun to learn this day of Mr. Pembleton. but I fear will hardly

do two pieces, after which it was strange how civil

man.

and tractable he was to me." Pepys' fear was lest some sudden change should displace his patron from power, before the patent was passed. The business of the day, however, succeeded to his heart's content, and on that day he was a happy "It was," this faithful record states, "the first day I put on my black camlett cloak with silver buttons." The same entry concludes with a notice which shows to what the court was coming, and that another reign than that of the Puritans was what the English people had to prepare themselves for :-"Late writing letters, and great doings of musique, at the next house, which was Whally's; the King and the Duke there with Madame Palmer, a pretty woman that they had a fancy too, to make her husband a cuckold. Here at the old door, that did go into his lodgings, my

that she do well already, though I think no such any great good at it, because she is conceited thing. At Westminister Hall this day I bought a book, lately printed, and licensed by Dr. Stradling, the Bishop of London's chaplain, being a book discovering the practices and designs of the Papistsa very good book; but forasmuch as it touches one of the Queen Mother's father confessors, the bishop, which troubles many good men and members of parliament, hath called it in, which I am sorry for it. Another book I bought, being a collection of many expressions of the great Presbyterian preachers upon public occasions, in the late times, against the King and his party, as some of Mr. Marshall, Case, Calamy, Baxter, &c., which is good reading now, to see what they then did teach, and the people believe, and what they would seem to believe now. I did fear that the Queen is much grieved of late at the King's neglecting her, he not having supped once with her this quarter of a year, and almost every night with my Lady Castlemaine, who hath

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