RULES. L Adverbs do not govern a case, when used along with verbs or adjectives in such a manner that their sense is complete without a substantive noun following; as, II. Adverbs of all kinds, when immediately referring to a substantive noun or pronoun to complete their sense, most commonly govern a genitive; as, 1. Adverbs which denote accompanying, govern the connected substantive in the dative; as, 2. Adverbs of swearing generally govern the accusative; as, Gen. xlii. 15. νὴ τὴν ὑγίειαν Φαραώ, 1 Cor. xv. 31. νὴ τὴν ὑμετέραν καύχησιν, by the health of Pharaoh. 3. Derivative adverbs generally govern the same cases with their primitives; as, Eph. iv. 1. ἀξίως τῆς κλήσεως, in a manner worthy of the calling. III. Two or more negatives in Greek, express the denial more strongly; as, Isa. xliii. 2. Luke xxii. 18. οὐ μή σε ἀνῶ, οὐδ ̓ οὐ μή σε ἐγκαταλίπω, I will by no means leave thee, nor will I by any means forsake thee. But if a verb intervene between the two negatives, they make an affirmation, as in English; as, But and some others, govern sometimes a genitive, and sometimes a vocative; as, ὦ τοῦ ἀδικήματος, Rom. ii. 1. αναπολόγητος εἶ, ὦ ἄνθρωπε, O! the injustice. thou art inexcusable, O man! Interjections properly govern the vocative, and when they govern a different case, it is by the force of a preposition understood. N SECTION VII. OF THE CONJUNCTION. RULES. I. COPULATIVE and adversative conjunctions generally join the same cases of nouns, and the same modes of verbs, but not necessarily the same tenses; as, Πέτρος καὶ ̓Ιωάννης, ἐμοὶ καὶ σοὶ, γράφω ἢ λέγω, ἔπρασσον, ἠδὲ πράξω πάλιν, θαυμάζω, καὶ πολλάκις ἐθαύμασα, Peter and John. I write or speak. I did it, and will do it again. I wonder, and have often wondered. But, if there is a change in the construction, the copulative conjunctions may join different modes; as, ἐποίησε τοῦτο, καὶ σὺ ποιεῖ ὁμοίως, he did so, and do thou in like manner. II. Conditional and consecutive conjunctions commonly govern a verb in the indicative mode; as, EVERY preposition in Greek has but one radical and proper meaning, which it always retains; this meaning has, for the most part, been taken from sensible objects; and from it, all the secondary applications may, either immediately or circuitously, be traced. But, sometimes in consequence of figurative or elliptical modes of expression, sometimes in consequence of the extension of the radical meaning to other ideas immediately connected therewith, it becomes necessary, for the sake of avoiding circumlocution, to render it in English, by a different preposition, which may fully express the sense in particular phrases, though not universally. The construction, and the radical meaning of the several prepositions, and the different modes in which they are applied in practice, can only be explained by investigating each preposition separately. 6 I. Four prepositions govern the genitive, ἀντὶ, ἀπὸ, ἐκ, πρό. "ANTI, AGAINST, INSTEAD OF. The primary and original signification of this preposition, is, facing, fronting, set opposite to. 1. As in barter, the two commodities to be exchanged are usually set opposite to each other, ari was used, by an easy transition, to denote exchange or substitution; its most common signification, therefore, is, instead of; as, Mat. ii. 22. ̓Αρχέλαος βασιλεύει ἀντὶ ̔Ηρώδου, Archelaus reigns instead of Herod. Exod. xxi. 23, 24. ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ, he shall give an eye for an eye.* 2 By a peculiar turn of phrase, ari came, in some few cases, to signify, in addition to; this seems to have arisen from the circumstance of a person, instead of demanding another commodity in exchange, giving his own freely, to be added to the possession of the person who had the other. To this meaning may be referred such phrases as the following: àvías ävтì áviáwy, sorrows above sorrows, excessive sorrows. John i. 16. xági avtì xágıtos, grace in addition to grace, accumulated, abundant grace.† 3. Sometimes it signifies against; as, ἀντὶ ἀνδρὸς ἴτω, go against the man. 4. Ari, in composition, generally retains its primary meaning of opposition; as, From is the proper and radical signification of ò; but the Greek preposition is applied in a sense rather more extensive than the English, implying separation, either in place, time, or any other way, actual distance or tendency from, proceeding from, whether as an effect from a cause, a part from a whole, a thing made from the materials, or a subject from the circumstance that peculiarly characterises it. In all these expressions, may be properly rendered from, though in a few of them, the English It is by the force of & understood in the sense of substitution or exchanging, that the price of things is put in the genitive after verbs or adjectives. + Or, perhaps, &ri, in this example, has its common signification, instead of, or answerable to. "Grace-set opposite to-grace," i. e. the favour, which God hath bestowed on us by Jesus Christ, instead of, or answering to, the favour, which he had formerly bestowed on us by Moses. This interpretation, which is recommended by the connection, is given by Chrysostom: í deißomer; χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτός φησιν. ἀντὶ ποίας, ποίαν ; ἀντὶ τῆς παλαιᾶς, τὴν καινήν. But what have we received ? Grace for grace, saith he. What for what? The new for the old." And he proceeds to explain the old as the type, the new as the antitype. In like manner, the old paraphrast Nonnus : ὅτι ξύμπαντες ἀπ' αὐτοῦ Ηράμεθα ζαθέου πληρώματος ὄψιμον ἄλλην *Αντίθετον προτέρης χάριτος χάριν. "Because we have all received from his divine fulness, another latter grace corresponding to the prepositions of or for, are more commonly employed. The following examples will show the different ways in which ò is commonly used: In composition, privation of; as, from (out of) thine own, I give thee. agarment (made) from (or of) camels' hair. persons (proceeding) from, (i. e. belong persons from (the schools of) philosophy, the battle (originating) from swords, as its instrumental cause, i. e. a battle sword in hand. άποικος, ἀποφάω, ò denotes properly, separation from; and by an obvious transition, ἀποκαλύπτω, an emigrant, one separated from home. 'Aro, compounded with a neuter or middle verb, frequently retains its power of governing a genitive; as, 2 Pet. i. 4. ἀποφυγόντες τῆς φθορᾶς, ἀπέχομαι κάκων, having escaped the corruption. 'EK or 'E, OUT OF.* 'Ex or, are the same preposition, the former being used before a consonant, the latter before a vowel. The signification is always out of, whether by that is meant to be expressed a change out of one state or place into another, formation out of materials, selection of a part out of a whole, or originating out of, as from a principle or cause; thus, Mark xiv. 69. a stone was cut out of a mountain. the woman out of the man. οὗτος ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐστιν, Mat. xix. 20. ἐκ νεότητος, ὕπνος ἐκ δεῖπνου, out of youth (into riper years,) i. e. from youth. sleep out of (the time of) supper (to another time,) i. e. sleep after supper. *The original distinction between & and iz, seems to have been, that ix was used to signify the separation of things previously conjoined; rò, of things, whether previously conjoined or not. But this distinction soon came to be overlooked in practice, and the two to be often used almost In composition, ix retains its original meaning, and signifies out of, in one sense or other; as, chosen out of, eminent. Mat. viii. 16.3αλe тà пYEÚμaтα, he cast out the spirits. ἐξαίρετος, ἐκτιμάω αὐτὸν, I honour him (out of, or) above all, I greatly honour him. ПРо', BEFORE. 1. Пed signifies before, either in place or time; as, Acts v. 23. πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν, πρὸ τοῦ πολέμου, before the doors. 2. Preference to. What is preferred is taken before the others; as, 3. In defence of. What we mean to defend we generally stand before; as, îş tür yuvaixāv nai zaídwv μáxɛolas, to fight (before) in defence of wives and children. Ile, in composition, generally retains its original meaning of before; as, προπύλαιον, the place before the door, the porch. I lead before the rest, I lead forth. II. Two prepositions govern the dative only, and σvv. 'EN, IN, WITHIN. 1. The radical signification of è, is in, within, contained within, as one thing within another. This is its most common signification, applying either to place or time, and exactly expressed by the English preposition in; as, John xi. 20. ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ ἐκαθέζετο, was sitting in the house. ἐγένετο ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡμέραις, it came to pass in those days. 2. When the noun, governed by i», expresses a number of individuals united, ¿, may often be conveniently rendered among, which is equivalent in sense to being within the line by which they are circumscribed; as, Mat. ii. 6. ἐλαχίστη ἐν τοῖς ἡγεμόσιν Ιούδα, least (within the line of, i. e.) among the princes of Judah. And in this manner of using is, it may even sometimes not improperly be rendered, attended with, or attended by, viz. if the preceding noun signify the chief object, and the noun governed, those which are subordinate thereto; as, Jude 14. ἦλθε Κύριος ἐν μυριάσι ἁγίαις αὑτοῦ, the Lord cometh (in the midst of, i. e.) attended by his holy myriads. 3. 'E, is sometimes used to denote that a thing, though not literally contained within another, is within its power, or within the sphere of its action; it may then be rendered, in the power of, or in the operation of; as, ἐν μοὶ ἐστὶ, Luke iv. 1. ἤγετο ἐν τῷ πνεύματι, it is in my power. he was driven in the (operation of the) spirit. |