2. By inserting » before -ω; as, from τίω, I honour, comes τίνω, Imp. ἔτινον, Fut. I. τίσω. 3. By inserting wv before -ω, in mute or liquid verbs, vvv in pure verbs; thus, from comes ἀγνύω, Fut. I. άξω. ζευγνύω, ζεύξω. μέγω, mix, μιγνύω, μίξω. πήγω, t πλήγω, πλήξω. ῥήγω, τ ἐμόω, I swear, forms ὀμνύω, or όμνυμι; Fut. I. ὀμέσω. ἐλαύνω, I agitate, formed from ἐλάω, whence Fut. I. ἐλάσω. II. Syncope, or Contraction of Letters. 1. In pure verbs, by throwing out the characteristic vowel; thus, from From δύω, is formed δίμι of the second conjugation in μι, whence the Imp. ἔδυν. Η Πύργο, πλήγω, φύγω, and φράγω, have each, likewise, another present tense, terminating in -σσω ; πέσσα, πλήσσω, βήσσω, and φράσσω, frequently occur. + Verbs in vow or yw, have generally, likewise, a present and imperfect of the second conjugation in με ; thus, we find both ἀγνύω and ἄγνυμι, δεικνύω and δείκνυμι, κεραννύω and κεράννυμι. 2. In verbs not pure, by throwing out the vowel or diphthong preceding the characteristic ; thus, from ἐγείρω, I rouse, is formed ἔγρω, and present middle, ἔχρομαι. kill, πέφνω. In ὀφειλέω, I ought, these two modes of contraction are sometimes united; first, by throwing out a before λ, we have ὀφλέω; then, by throwing out e before ω, ἔφλω. The tenses are most commonly formed from ὀφειλέω, sometimes from ὀφλέω. ε making in the present λίζω, Fut.I.λίγξω, Per. λέλιγχα. κλάζω, κλάγξω, κέκλαγχα. πλάγξω, . πέπλαγχα. III. Reduplication, or Repetition of Letters. 1. In verbs beginning with a vowel, by doubling the initial syllable; as, from άγω, I break, comes ἀγάγω, Ιπρ. Άγαγον, Fut. I. άξω. ἀχήσω. 2. In verbs beginning with a consonant, by doubling the initial letter with .; thus, In this reduplication, μ was sometimes inserted before, for the sake of a more agreeable sound; as, from πλέω, I fill, πιμπλέω οι πιπλέω. 3. In a few verbs only was prefixed; which was termed an improper reduplication; as, from στάω, I set, is formed ἱστάω, Fut. I. στήσω. ἥσω. πτήσω. Most of the verbs, in which the two last modes of reduplication take place, are more commonly inflected of the second conjugation in μ; as, * The y is also thrown out in the second future of κλάνζω, and the tenses formed from it, as, κλαγώ κίκλαγα ; from its derivatives, however, the y appears anciently to have been retained in these tenses, † This mode of reduplication is occasionally used in the perfect likewise, as, ἄγηχα for ἦχα ; and sometimes it is used in the perfect and aorist, though not in the present, as, aytig, perfect, rega Οι ἀγήγερμα, ολέω, perfect, υλικα and ολώλεκα, aorist I. αλα nd agitate, perfect passive, σίσυμαι, by transposition, ἴσουμαι, μείζω, I divide, perfect middle, μεμορα, by transposition, Peta, Iffee, forming by reduplication διδράω, generally used δίδρημα This mode of variation in the present, occurs but rarely; in a few verbs, however, it is to be met with; as, from the primitive, This likewise occurs very rarely; the following, however, are examples : from ἐθέλω, I will or incline, is formed θέλω, by cutting off the inital s. IL FROM THE FUTURE OF THE PRIMITIVE BY EPENTHESIS ONLY. I. From the First Future. 1. In primitive verbs pure, by inserting κ before -ω, thus forming a new present terminating in -σκω ; thus, from In a few verbs, η or w of the primitive, was changed into : before -σκω; as, from of which the Fut. I. is formed the new the tenses regular ly derived from ἁλόω. present ἁλίσκω, • Many of the tenses from πέρθω, are also in use. Η βοάω, βρέω, γηράω, and ἁλέω, are also sometimes infected as of the second conjugation in μι; as, from βίωμα, aorist II. ἐβίων, from βρώμι, aorist II. ἔβρων, from γήρημι, aorist II. ἐήρων, from ἅλωσι, aorist II. ήλον οι άλων. By dropping the circumflex accent, and inserting av or any before -; thus, from When the primitive was a verb not pure, the new present always terminated in -a, not -αίνω. In many verbs of this class, when the characteristic of the second future primitive was a mute consonant, was inserted before it in the new present, for the sake of a more agreeable sound; thus, there was formed from αδέω, I sing, Fut. II. αδῶ, the new present άνδάνω. In one verb, ὀλέω, λν was inserted before -ω; thus, ὀλέω, I destroy, future II. ελῶ, new present, ὀλλύω, or of the second conjugation, όλλυμι ; the tenses from ὀλέω. In the following verbs, two or more of these modes of variation were combined to form the new present: * For the formation of the other tenses of view, see among the variations arising from the occasional use of different tenses from cognate verbs, p. 72. + From βάω, comes also βήμι, whence the aorist II. ἔβην. † Εριδαίνω, ἐξυθαίνω, and, indeed, most verbs in -αινω, are likewise conjugated regularly as liquid verbs; ἐριδαίνω, future I. ἐξιδανῶ, perfect, ἠρίδαγκα, &c. § The learner will always bear in mind, that the Greeks, to avoid a harsh sound when y came beore π, β, or e, always changed it into μ, and when before x, y, or x, into γ. Reduplication of the present, and epenthesis of the first future, in Irregularities arising from the occasional use of different Tenses from Cognate Verbs.† Besides the irregularities arising from variations in the present and imperfect, irregularities likewise frequently occur in the other tenses, from the occasional use of * From ć, is also formed, whence in the aorist II. yvwv, imperative, yvãos. †The use of tenses from cognates, was, in fact, the origin of all the irregularities in Greek verbs, as well of those already stated under the head of variations of the present and imperfect, as of those now to be mentioned as taking place in the other tenses. But as the verbs in which the variations of the present and imperfect occur, are very numerous, and many of them formed in a similar manner, they are easiest understood by being arranged into classes, according to the precise rules of |