man, of mediocre ability, who gained a place in the history of England by two sermons delivered in 1709. In these he attacked the principles of the revolution of 1688, asserted the doctrine of non-resistance to kings, and decried the "Act of Toleration." The ministry foolishly prosecuted him, and the public excitement which this aroused led to the overthrow of the Whig party, and the fall of the Duke of Marlborough. Read Green's History of the English People, Ch. IX., Sec. IX.

13. Tom Tempest is a character in No. 10 of the Idler. Johnson describes him as a man "of integrity, where no factious interest is to be promoted;" and a "lover of truth," when not "heated with political debate." And then continues:

"Tom Tempest is a steady friend of the house of Stuart. He can recount the prodigies that have appeared in the sky, and the calamities that have afflicted the nation every year from the Revolution; and is of opinion, that, if the exiled family had continued to reign, there would have been neither worms in our ships nor caterpillars in our trees. He wonders that the nation was not awakened by the hard frost to a revocation of the true king, and is hourly afraid that the whole island may be lost in the sea. He believes that King William burned Whitehall that he might steal the furniture; and that Tillotson died an Atheist. Of Queen Anne he speaks with more tenderness; owns that she meant well, and can tell by whom and why she was poisoned. In the succeeding reigns all has been corruption, malice, and design. He believes that nothing ill has ever happened for these forty years by chance or errour; he holds that the battle of Dettingen was won by mistake and that of Fontenoy lost by contract; that the Victory was sunk by a private order; that Cornhill was fired by emissaries of the Council; and that the arch of Westminster-bridge was so contrived as to sink on purpose, that the Nation might be put to charge. He

considers the new road to Islington as an encroachment on liberty, and often asserts that broad wheels will be the ruin of England."

A man who can jest in this comical fashion about the extremists of his own party, can hardly be the bigot that Macaulay portrays so vividly.

13. Charles II. (1660-1685) and James II. (1685-1688). The last two reigning sovereigns of the male line of the Stuarts; the former noted for his profligacy, the latter for his bigotry. Read Green's History, Ch. IX., Sec. III., and Sec. VI.

14. Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I., and leader in the oppression of the Puritans. He was executed by ordinance of Parliament, January 10, 1644-1645. Macaulay, whose Whig prejudices were as strong as Johnson's Tory prepossessions, is unjust to Laud, who was a man of great mental attainments. Green, in his History, Ch. VIII., Sec. IV., gives an impartial view of the great prelate.

18. Hampden, John (1594–1643). One of the chief opponents of the arbitrary measures by which Charles I. endeavored to make the English monarchy absolute. See Green's History, Ch. VIII., Secs. III. and V.

20. Ship money. One of the means by which Charles tried to raise money in 1634, without calling a parliament. Hampden was foremost in the opposition to this measure. See Green's History, Ch. VIII., Sec. V.

21. Falkland. Lucius Cary, Viscount of (1610-1643). In the beginning of his career he was distinguished by his zeal for Parliament and the constitution of his country; but, later, offended by what he considered the excesses of the popular party, he took sides with Charles I. He was killed in the

Civil War.

See Green's History, Ch. XIII., Sec. VI., and

Ch. IX., Sec. I.

22. Clarendon. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon (16081674), like Falkland, took at first the side of Parliament; but at the outbreak of the Civil War, joined the king. At the Restoration he was made Lord High Chancellor of England. His daughter Anne became the wife of the Duke of York, afterwards James II., and the mother of Mary and Anne, queens of England. Why is Macaulay's use of the names of Falkland and Clarendon in this instance unfair?

22. Roundheads. A term of ridicule applied by the royalists to the supporters of Parliament against Charles I., on account of the fashion they had adopted of wearing the hair closely cut. The "Cavaliers," as the king's adherents were called, wore long flowing curls.

P. 17, 1. 7. Mangled with the shears. Criminals frequently had nose and ears cut off in "the good old times."

9. Dissenters, etc. The Whig party, which held almost uninterrupted power from 1688 to 1760, tolerated the Dissenters, favored the mercantile classes, created the national debt, enacted that parliaments should be elected at least every seven years, and made alliances with continental European Powers. The " "'excise was an internal tax on liquors first introduced in the Long Parliament in 1643, and increased during the wars with France. It was vehemently opposed by the old-fashioned Tories.

15. The Great Rebellion. During the Civil War between Charles I. and Parliament, the Scotch were the first to oppose the king, and when, after his defeat by Cromwell at Naseby, Charles threw himself upon the loyalty of the Scotch army, he

was surrendered by them to Parliament for the sum of £400,000. This was in "payment of all the arears of the subsidies which were owed them for their services in England." As Charles was executed in 1649 by order of Parliament, one may easily understand why the good Tory Johnson held the Scotch responsible for the death of the " Martyr King." See Green's History, Ch. VII.

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P. 18, 1.6. Juvenal and Horace were the two greatest Roman satirists. Horace (65-8, B.C.) belonged to the Augustan age, while Juvenal flourished about the end of the first century (60-140 A.D.). They respectively represent the two schools of satire, that of easy-going ridicule, and that of moral indignation. Horace was a man of the world; and Juvenal, a reformer. Juvenal"uses satire, not as a branch of comedy, which it was to Horace, but as an engine for attacking the brutalities of tyranny, the corruptions of life and taste, the crimes, the follies, and the frenzies of a degenerate state of society. He has great humor of a scornful, austere, and singularly pungent kind, and many noble flashes of high moral poetry. Dryden's translations of five of the satires are among his best works."

10. Horace. See preceding note.

18. Johnson's London. The following lines give some idea of the character of the poem :

"This mournful truth is everywhere confessed,
Slow rises worth by poverty oppressed,

But here more slow where all are slaves to gold,
Where looks are merchandise, and smiles are sold,
Where, won by bribes, by flatterers implored,
The groom retails the favours of his lord."

P. 19, 1. 9. The attempt failed. At Pope's suggestion, Lord

Gower used his influence with the authorities of Dublin University to obtain for Johnson the degree of M.A., which the position required. It was well for English literature that Johnson was forced for years yet to support himself by his pen. He was not at all fitted to be a schoolmaster.

17. Pamphleteers and indexmakers. Most of the sort of matter which nowadays is published in our multifarious periodicals appeared then in pamphlet form; and the making of indexes to learned works was a common means of support to unknown scholars.

18. Boyse, Samuel (1708–1749), a forgotten poet, some of whose lines to the Deity are quoted admiringly by Fielding in Tom Jones, Book VII., Ch. I. He was probably one of the most shiftless of the whole breed of "Grub Street poets." He failed to get a good position in Edinburgh, because he would not go out on a rainy day to make his application. Johnson "told how he had once exerted himself for his comrade in misery, and collected enough money by sixpences to get the poet's clothes out of pawn. Two days afterward Boyse had spent the money, and was found in bed covered only with a blanket, through two holes in which he passed his arms to write. Boyse, it appears, when still in this position, would lay out his last half guinea to buy mushrooms and truffles for his last scrap of beef."-Stephen's Life of Johnson. (See Appendix, pp. 130-134.)

23. Hoole. All we know of him is what Johnson said to Hoole's nephew, John Hoole, the translator of Tasso: "Sir, I knew him; we called him the metaphysical tailor. He was of a club in Old Street with me, and George Psalmanazar, and some others." And then John Hoole spoke of his