this State and the United States, compared, taken from the United States Census of 1850 and 1860. It is to be very much regretted that no facts of the kind have been gathered at any time by our State:

The whole number of manufacturing establishments in the State, on June 1, 1860, producing over $500, was 1,790; in the U. S., 128,300, Iowa ranking the 20th. Of capital invested in manufactories, Iowa had in real estate to the value of $7,500,000; in the U. S., $1,050,000,000, Iowa ranking 24th. Of raw material Iowa had, including fuel, $8,500,000; the U. S. $1,012,000,000, Iowa ranking 22d. Of the average number of hands employed, Iowa had 6,587; the U. S. 1,385,000, Iowa ranking 26th. Of the value of annual product Iowa had $14,900,000; the U. S. $1,900,000,000, Iowa ranking 22d.

From the above we find that the annual product of the United States averages $61 to each person in the Union, which would make for Iowa $41,000,000. Deducting from this her own productions, would leave for her share of the consumption, $26,000,000. Our State census for 1862 gives the value of the general manufactures at only $2,951,805. How this latter item has been arrived at we have no means of knowing; the discrepancy is so great that we suppose the large manufacturing establishments and perhaps most of the smaller ones could not have been visited by our Assessors. The United States Marshals were most thorough in their researches under specific iustructions, whilst those taking our State census had only general instructions. It may be that instead of giving the aggregate amount the sum above stated only embraces the nett profits. But this is all conjecture and we prefer to base our deductions upon reliable data, which we believe is afforded as near as can be by the census of the United States. If we do not manufacture 15,000,000 dollars' worth of what we need to clothe us and prepare our food for use, &c., the greater need there is for more manufacto

ries. Ten millions of dollars can safely and profitably be invested in this State in needed manufactories to supply the wants of her people. One or two Woolen and Fulling and Carding mills can find immediate employment in every county in the State of ten thousand inhabitants, because we have not enough now to make the yarn required for our woolen socks, making no allowance for that needed for domestic cloths for farmers' use. Must we send the great bulk of the wool from our million sheep to Eastern manufactories to make into cloths for the very families who raise it? Here is in this one item alone an opportunity for profitable investment which casts far into the shade the best paying railroad stock in the Union. All kinds of machinery for working up flax and its products-leather and its products-for making agricultural implements—a paper mill here and there to consume our rags-soap and candle manufactories-furniture manufactories-flouring mills, &c., &c., are needed and would pay well for both producer and consu

mer.

Our facilities for manufacturing establishments to obtain cheap power is not excelled by any North-western State. On every one of our principal streams of water from three to five good water power sites can be found in every county through which they run; and in nearly one half of the southern portion of the State, and also of the central, good coal fuel is afforded at reasonable cost. Those who embrace these advantages first will reap the cream of the harvest. It is now open to all.

PEAS AND BEANS.

Iowa produced in 1849, of peas and beans, 4,775 bushels, and 45,570 bushels in 1859. It is to be regretted that these items were not taken at the State Census for 1862. As the average increase was something over 4,000 bushels, the yield of 1862 was doubtless not less than 60,000 bushels, taking into consideration the large increase of producers and the increased knowledge of the nature of these crops.

MARKET GARDENS.

Here is another item of considerable aggregate importance, which has not entered into the returns of our last State Census. In 1849 the value of market garden products in the State was $18,848, and in 1859 their value was $141,549. Their value in 1862 could not have been less than $190,000.

MAPLE SUGAR AND MOLASSES.

We have no returns of the product of maple sugar and molasses than is given in the United States Census of 1850 and 1860. In the former year Iowa exhibits of molasses 3,162 gallons, and 78,407

pounds of sugar; in the latter year 97,751 gallons of molasses, and 248,951 pounds of sugar. Eighteen of the States of the Union, as per U. S. Census of 1860, produced in the same year smaller quantities of sugar, Illinois among the number, and twenty-three States a less quantity of molasses. This tells well for a State classed among the prairie States. Since the high prices for sugar we have, no doubt, added not less than 50 per cent. to the above aggregate, and it is to be regretted that the last State Census did not include these items.

ONIONS.

We have no returns of the onion crops from any part of the State, as it was not embraced in the requisition-but the assessor for Scott county, the only county where especial attention is given to this crop, makes an outside report of twenty-five acres in 1862, and a yield of 5,918 bushels, which is an average of 236 bushels per acre. Five hundred bushels per acre is not considered an extrordinary crop in Scott county, in an ordinary favorable season, and we have heard of a yield there of over 800 bushels per acre. A German farmer there says he can make money raising onions at ten cents a bushel. It is a pity more attention is not paid to the raising of this valuable vegetable. The average price of onions in the interior of Iowa, for five years past, has been not less than 75 cents a bushel, some times selling for double this price. Many a dollar is lost by our farmers not raising a few bushels of onions beyond sufficient to supply their own wants. Indeed, it is not uncommon for them to purchase onions, cabbage, and other vegetables, for their own consumption, because they think such matters too small to demand the necessary attention.

A GENERAL REVIEW OF 1862 AND 1863.

In taking a review of the agricultural productions of the State for 1862, as given in the State Census for that year, we have produced in value to the amount of 27,000,000 dollars. Of the industrial or manufacturing interests, the United States Census of 1860 places the annual value in Iowa, after deducting the cost of raw material, at $6,400,000, which, using this item for 1862, added to the agricultural products, gives a total of $33,400,000.

For 1863, the value of agricultural productions was not less than that of 1862; and, as the value of the manufacturing interests of 1863 was at least ten per cent. more than in 1860, not less than $640,000 should be added, as also 25 per cent. for the material not included before, as obtained in the State, $1,600,000 more, and for gain in sheep and other stock, and other farm products, about $5,000,000, we have an aggregate of $40,640,000.

If to each of these years is added an average value of $100 on each farm, for improvements and repairs, we have for 1862 a total

product of $42,400,000, and for 1863, $49,610,000. These may be considered rough estimates, but they are based upon data which does not permit a very large over estimate, but induces the belief that they are rather under than over the true value of the annual industrial productions of the State.

With a soil not excelled by any other Northern State, and facilities for its development superior in several respects to either of them, this approximate showing of its products is far below what it should have been, although it exceeds that of any of her sister Northwestern States, and in comparison with population equal to any section of the North. It has all been done on not over oneeighth of the tillable lands of the State, and with a manual agricultural force of about 150,000 persons, one-third of whom were boys, giving an average of a fraction over twenty-six acres to each, an average product to each of about 187 dollars, or something less than seven dollars per acre, in addition to about one-third more for improvements and repairs on the farms.

There is considerable doubt expressed by those who have had large opportunities for ascertaining the average products of the State, in regard to the correctness of our census returns, especially in reference to the average yield of wheat and corn per acre. They invariably place the yield of the former at 15 bushels, and of the latter at 50 qushels per acre, and it is very probable that this estitmate is not too large, as well as a proportionate increase for the other cereals. This would give an additional average in value of not less than two dollars per acre, and the gross probable true value of an average of nine dollars per acre, and the sum total of $33,000,000 instead of $27,000,000, and for all the industrial interests of the State the annual sum of $60,000,000, which gives an average of near $86 for each inhabitant. Even with this sum, with such highly favored lands for production, we should not be satisfied, as we can and should produce an average of twenty bushels of wheat and sixty bushels of corn per acre, as well as add for our immediate wants of manufactured articles double the amount for which we are credited, as our facilities of fuel and water power are sufficiently scattered and abundant.

Whether our figures of production are correct or not, within the past five years our people have recovered from the pressure of heavy indebtedness, and are now in a position, generally, of comfort and ease. Those who were borrowers of money five years ago, in many instances, have now money to loan. Amidst all the vicisitudes of occasional short crops, heavy expenditures to sustain an expensive war, supplying the army of our country with 60,000 of the best men in the land, most of whom were employed in agricultural pursuits, our people are comfortable and prosperous, and with a prospect in the future not excelled by any people on the face of the globe.

An inquiry just here in regard to agricultural statistics may be

in place. Why is it that we cannot possess ourselves of statistics sufficiently reliable which may be esteemed as such by our people generally? So far as the experience of this office has gone, the statements of one intelligent, observant and reliable correspondent in a county can be more certainly relied upon for correctness than the returns of most of the township Assessors, especially where the returns of the latter have to pass through careless and incompetent county officers to be compiled, footed up, and returned. The importance of reliable statistics cannot be too highly esteemed, as they serve to show the true condition of a people, and to mark their progress, presenting facts for comparison on which can be based important features for improvement. The London Mark Lane Express says: "Next to high prices, we know of nothing so calculated to promote the progress of these [Australian colonies,] as the statistics and reports officially compiled of their agricultural and pastoral condition." We agree with the editor who endorsed this, when he states that "if our authorities, in the United States, could be brought to take the same view of agricultural interests, we have no doubt that a most important influence would be exerted both upon the progress of agriculture at home and upon the course of immigration from abroad."

GROWING THE NORTHERN SUGAR CANE.

We published last spring the following directions in regard to the cultivation of the Northern Sugar Cane and its preparation for grinding. It is the result of the experience of cane growers as given at conventions in Ohio, Illinois and Wisconsin, and obtained from many experienced parties in Iowa. But little information has been elicited since that time-what there is will be found appended to this article.

LAND AND ITS PREPARATION.

As a general rule, high land that will produce a fair crop of corn is well suited to the growth of sorghum or imphee. Old land is generally considered best that has been kept free from weeds. High locations are recommended because affected least by early and late frosts. If, in addition to a high position, it should be rolling so much the better, as it secures better drainage. A light, loamy soil, with all this, should be had. A rich black loam or muck produces an acid syrup. Some say that a poor soil makes the sweetest syrup but that the yield is not so large. The general testimony, however, is in favor of a rich soil, and to make it so, well rotted manure is recommended, ashes, &c.; some even burning straw on the surface to enrich the soil and kill the seed of the weeds. It is asserted by some that land the second year after breaking is the best suited for Sorghum, provided the weeds have not been permitted to cover it.

As a general rule for all spring crops, fall-plowing is best, and especially so for this crop. Deep plowing in the fall and early stirring in the spring, are beneficial